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PLIPLIC LIBRARY 4

WAY 8

THE MAGAZINE OF NEWS SIGNIFICANCE

BEA,

Airborne Avalanche: Down on the Inner Fortress

“This handy fish basket is what sold me on this
‘Ford-with-the-fringe-on-top’! Good mechanical condition, too.
Probably was brought up on Havoline, the best motor
oil you could get—then as now!”

“Bet a lot of back seat drivers
have tumbled through this rear exit. They put too much
confidence in the door latch. But one thing thate!:d
justify confidence in the old days was Havoline, because
it was improved year after year to match
every new engine requirement.”

“Believe it or not this was a Fiat limousine once.
Makes a fine greenhouse now. With Havoline
in the crankcase, I wouldn’t be afraid of
driving it coast-to-coast.”

“Won't be long until today’s cars are
antiques, what with the new wrinkles promised
for postwar. And Havoline will
be ready with the best motor oil for tomorrow’s
engines just as it has for every
new engine in the past 40 years.”

... and best for your car today!
Jimmy’s right. Today’s cars will be
antiques some day. But don’t let it
happen to your car ahead of time.
Prolong its life with Havoline —
the motor oil with 40 years of scien-

tific improvement that makes possible
a cleaner engine, more power and
“go,” more miles per gallon of pre-
cious gas. See your Texaco Dealer
today. Fill up with Havoline and
keep going strong!

- For Your Enjoyment . .. 2 Great Radio Programs

S » «=: Tune In JAMES MELTON: The TEXACO
/ STAR THEATRE every Sunday night.

METROPOLITAN OPERA: Complete broadcasts bine
of great operas every Rounieny: afternoon,

Consult newspapers for time and stations (i oi

LA V

Goobe woloome 7 TEXACO 1 DEALERS

THE TEXAS
COMPANY

Mimeograph
duplicator

MOMEDGRAPH is the trade-mark of A.B. Dick Company, Chicago, registered in the U.S. Patent Office. A.B. DICK COMPANY, Chicage. The Mimeegraph Company, Ltd, Torente.

Bookmakers are
giving odds on Geon

Because—with COB0M it’s the combination of properties that counts

T’S BETTER than even money that GEON-coated fabric

or paper—or flexible unsupported sheet—will be
broadly used for book-binding when the GEONS are
released for non-military applications. That’s because a
product made from GEON can be planned to include the
properties needed.

For example, the ideal book binding must wear well—
particularly in public library service. Covers made from
GEON will wear indefinitely, because of their excellent
resistance to abrasion and their long flex life. They won't
be appreciably affected by age, either . . . Books get dirty.
Covers made from .GEON will be waterproof, easily
washed ; : . Color is an important factor in the sale of

books. GEON materials may be brilliantly—or delicately
—colored ... Many valuable book covers have been de-
stroyed by mildew. GEON will be unaffected by mildew
—discoloration will wash right off.

These and other properties of GEON—resistance to
chemicals, foods, heat, cold, light and many other destruc-.
tive elements, may be had in an almost limitless variety
of planned combinations. GEON may be made into a wide
variety of forms, too—coatings for fabric and paper;
flexible sheet or film for packaging materials; brief cases,
upholstery; flexible or rigid extrusions and molded goods
for innumerable applications. Probably you can suggest
additional applications for these truly versatile raw
materials.

For more complete information about GEON polyvinyl ©
materials, write Department AA-4, Chemical Division,
The B. F. Goodrich Company, 324 Rose Building,
Cleveland 15, Ohio.

CHEMICAL DIVISION

The B.F. Goodrich Company

324 ROSE BUILDING e CLEVELAND 15, OHIO

“PLEASE DON’T

“I need you. And you’re im-
portant to America, too, be-
cause you help build planes.
Please don’t get hurt.”

While you are reading this, ten
workers will be disabled — in home,
highway or work accidents. In the
next 14 minutes, another worker
will be killed.

Don’t think of these accidents
as cold statistics. Every accident
brings suffering and grief into
some home .. . takes a sorely
needed war worker away from
his job. These accidents simply
must be stopped.

There’s only one way to do the
job — and that way starts with
you. Most accidents are caused by

carelessness, America’s 7th Column.

If you are a worker, you can
spare yourself pain and sorrow and
loss by solemnly resolving to live,
work and drive safely. By taking
care to avoid accidents to yourself
and others, you will help to solve
the nation’s manpower shortage in
the most painless way of all.

GET HURT, DADDY”

If you are the owner or manager
of a business, you have an even
greater responsibility — you have
an opportunity to add to the safety
and well-being of your employees.

Liberty Mutual will be glad to
put its experience in the scientific
prevention of industrial accidents
to work for you. In cooperation with

many of the largest war pro-

ducers in the country, we have
developed proved techniques
which are saving lives, prevent-
ing crippling injuries and restor-
ing those who are unavoidably
hurt to their jobs. Write for facts
to Liberty Mutual Insurance
Company, 175 Berkeley Street,
Boston 17, Massachusetts.

OW mbo-Li -Zinco- _/solementto!

The fervent exclamation of our Brazilian friend
is no political speech. He is merely

naming in Portuguese the three basic products

which Eagle-Picher mines and-

manufactures: Lead, Zinc, Insulation !

Producing Chumbo, Zinco, Isolamento (we
enjoy the words!) at high capacity with reduced
help, has kept us busy ’round the clock

since war began. We manufacture hundreds

of products of lead, zinc and insulation . . . the
following suggests their diversity.

Chumbo. Eagle-Picher lead oxides and pigments go
to make paints, batteries, many industrial products .. .
Eagle White Lead has been a famed painting material for
102 years . . . Eagle plumbers’ lead goods are produced for
the home . . . Eagle bearing metals, solders, lead wool, and
other metallic lead products are widely used in industry.

Zinco. Eagle-Picher zinc is used for galvanizing iron and
steel products . . . zinc castings go into automotive
equipment for the services . . . zinc pigments are employed
in paint manufacture . . . zinc oxides in glass,
- tires and other rubber products.

Isolamento. As a manufacturer of mineral wool
insulation products for home and industry, Eagle-Picher
helps householders conserve precious fuel without loss of
comfort . . . assists industries to utilize full power and
set production records for critical war needs.

These Lead, Zinc and Insulation products engage all our
attention now. To do the best wartime job we possibly can,

Tr
we are making full use of modern research, advanced ‘ar
plant equipment, varied marketing techniques . . . an
and more than a hundred years of “know-how.” jen

= gu

EAGLE-PICHER fg

@ e m

Lead « Zinc: Insulation sis
General Offices: Cincinnati (1), Ohio

tre

sk
Buy a stake in America’s future — with MORE War Bonds! is

ghnigeton. Gictn Seed

N ik is published weekly by WEEKLY PUBLICATIONS, INC., 350 Dennison Ave., Dayton 1, Ohio, Entered as sccond class matter at Postoffice of Dayton, Ohio, under the act ef March $, 1879.

~ a fe

_ THE WRENCH
IS A BATTLE WEAPON

e se die :

How the Skilled Hand and the Busy Wrench Have Kept America’s Old Trucks Rolling

|THE SKILLED HAND and the busy wrench
are fighting this war right here at home,
‘and fighting it well. For the skilled hand
and the busy wrench are keeping Amer-
ica’s trucks rolling.

Those trucks carry meat afd potatoes,
guns and shells—the foodstuff and the
fighting stuff of a nation at war. They

must get their cargoes to destination on

time. They do.

The old trucks that are doing this
tremendous job are kept rolling by the
skilled hand and the busy wrench. Since
1941 precious few new trucks have been
made. The truck transportation job be-

came the job of the 4,800,000 trucks on
hand. And half of these trucks are now
more than seven years old.

So the watchword of the trucking in-
dustry became: “We can’t replace it; let’s
fix it.”

Thus truck service—preventive main-
tenance, expert repair—became a part of
this nation’s strategy. And the Weenths
became a battle weapon.

In peace International Harvester devel-

_ oped the world’s largest company-owned |

truck service organization. Now that or-
ganization is devoted to war...every man
in it a specialist in truck maintenance,

pledged to do his part—with his skilled
hand and his busy wrench—to keep Amer-
ica’s trucks on the go.

New trucks will be scarce for some time
to come. Service is still a big word, and a
big job. Depend on International special-
ized service to keep your trucks rolling
until Victory is won.

INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY
180 N. Michigan Ave. Chicago 1, Illinois

OUR J0B TODAY —Let’s all remember that our job
a today—the job of all of us—is to fight
harder on the home front... fight on
the food front... give to the blood bank
«+. buy extra War Bonds . . . fight infla-

tion ... FOR VICTORY.

INTERNATIONAL 7rucks

SCCOM pair of

Florsheim Shoes

aS 201N2 10 war

The DEARBORN
Mos? Styles $1050 ond SH]

THE FLORSHEIM SHOE COMPANY e CHICAGO e MAKERS OF FINE SHOES FOR MEN AND WOMEN

’

NEWSWEEK

LETTERS

England’s Betsy Ross

When France was liberated, I was very
anxious to hang out “Victory” flags of the #
Allies, but had none of America and was not §
able to procure one.

As we live in the country—in the bomb d
country of East Kent—access to places where
flags might be.available is not easy, so I deg
termined not to be caught again but to make I

my own flag! Unfortunately suitable weath-
erproof material was unobtainable; eventual-

ly, however, the flag was made, patchwork
fashion, of: (1) the remains of a child’s §
overall (red turkey-twill); (2) part of an old Fi.
sheet; and (3) the ends of the blue cotton
bathroom curtains.

From details in the Encyclopaedia Britan- ,
nica, the instructions of a friend in the
United States Army who was spending a fur- :
lough with us, and a miniature American
flag, I made a very presentable Old Glory,
measuring 4 feet by 3 feet.

Mrs. E. M. Davies

Dadmans, Lynsted, Kent
England —-

DPOOD

The Spellman Trip
In your issue of March 5 (Periscope) it is
stated “. . . Archbishop Spellman, who re-
cently returned from Europe, attempted to
travel to Moscow to confer with Soviet of-
ficials but after waiting three weeks for a
visa gave up plans for the trip
In the interest of accuracy I wish to state
that no visa has been refused to Archbishop
Spellman and no visa was ever requested
by him.
F, X. SHEA
Secretary to the Archbishop
New York City

A President Clarifies

A number of readers have inferred from
the letter under the title of “Science for
Blockheads” in your March 5 issue that the
author is a member of the Wesleyan faculty.
I ought to make clear that he is a Wesleyan
undergraduate. I am delighted to have him
trying to think his way through the meaning
of education, and I am glad also that he has
courage enough to express his convictions
‘publicly.

I think it should be clear, however, that
his judgment that science is the proper re-
treat for intellectual 4-F’s is certainly not-the
opinion either of the faculty, the administra-
tion, or the great run of undergraduates. I
ought also to make clear that the Humanities
faculty has neither by compulsion nor by
force of political expedient devoted part of
the Humanities course to a study of some

Copan: ht 1945 by Weekly Publications. Inc.

in U.S.A. All rights reserved ‘Editorial
executive and circulation offi
Buildin; B:

g. r
18, New York. Address
arding subscriptions. to Circulation
Changes of Address: Send both old
ve. — allow four weeks for
ec’

Ow of lus world

And that's just where you are Son
—out of this world and into another.
Now you’re on the very threshold of
research exploring the unknown. It
és research that finds ways to make
more and better things for more
people.

Research is as essential as fac-
tory buildings or assembly lines
in our business.

It was in the Research Labora-
tories that General Motors men
found ways to make cars safer
and stronger by exploring the
secrets of metals. Their studies
of fuels gave you smoother, more
powerful engines. Their research
paved the way for better body
finishes..

These engineers pioneered better
household refrigeration. They
developed the early, crude Diesel

engine into one of civilization’s
most important aids.

_ And they worked on a multitude

of other projects, which have
added up to more and better
things for more people.

Then the picture changed and
the Research Laboratories, like
all other GM divisions, threw
their full energy into the urgent
jobs of war.

Through their peacetime devel-
opment of Ethyl they had made a
great contribution to the high
octane fuels that enable our war-
planes to fly so high and fast.
Continuing their studies into
wartime, GM research men de-
veloped a new process for mak-
ing a promising new synthetic

| MAKE VICTORY COMPLETE |
| *

fuel, Triptane, with four times
the power of aviation gasoline.
And they found ways to put their
fully developed Diesel engine to
work on thousands of tough, de-
manding wartime jobs.

Many such instances prove
that American skills and knowl-
edge built up in peacetime are
helping to win this war.

Our country had this backlog of
skill and knowledge because it
was, and is, literally ‘“‘the land of
opportunity.” It rewarded men
who did their best. And in the

_ years ahead, this American way

of working promises to create
even greater production, with an
ever-rising standard of living
for all.

Generat Motors

“VICTORY IS OUR BUSINESS”

CHEVROLET ¢ PONTIAC ¢ OLDSMOBILE ¢ BUICK
CADILLAC

e BODY BY FISHER e FRIGIDAIRE
GMC TRUCK AND COACH

Every Sunday Afternoon

GENERAL MOTORS SYMPHONY OF THE AIR

NBC Network

MIGHTY STEEL TIDE
FLOWS ON THE RAILS

Transporting the many millions of tons a
year of raw materials, supplies and equip-
ment —iton ore, coal, coke, limestone,
lumber, brick, sand, cement, machinery —
to keep steel production at capacity, and
distributing more than 60 million tons of
steel products annually to the world of war
and industry is a tremendous undertaking:

The railroaders by their magnificent, on-
the-minute handling of millions of tons of
taw materials and finished products are
keeping the mighty tide of steel flowing
full for the use of our fighting forces in the
achievement of victory:

With the coming of peace, the railroads
will once more take up their normal task
of distributing for civilian use the multi-
tude of steel products — many of them
new and better — which will again bring
comfort, convenience, and a fuller life
for all.

JONES & LAUGHLIN
STEEL CORPORATION

PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA Jeb

CONTROLLED QUALITY STEEL FOR WAR AND PEACE HAMS

FROM AN ORIGINAL DRAWING ANDO SKETCHES MADE AT 388 ALIQUIPPA WORKS BY ORISON MACPHERSON

RAILROADS

To wait 3 months for a freight to pass,
running at 30 miles an hour, is what you
would have to do at any grade crossing if all
the freight cars serving the nation’s steel
industry during 1944 were hooked up into
one single freight train on that particular
railroad. And, if you tried to count the cars
in the train, you would be all worn out weeks
before the little red caboose behind the 6%
million freight cars came in sight.

Chow train 3,000 miles long—extending
from Los Angeles to New York — would
represent food transportation job. done for
Army and Navy last year by American rail-
roads—nearly 11 million tons of food, 364,-
000 cars,

Snowy mountains, steamy jungles are
among transportation obstacles being over-
come by Army’s railroad men in uniform.
Military Railway Branch of Transportation
Corps delivers the goods—and men—where
and when they are needed—often under fire.

One mile of boiler tubing is the surprising
total contained by average road locomotive
in service on U. §S, railroads. This type of
tubing is one of the products of J&L’s tube
mills ‘at Aliquippa and Oil City, Pa.

More than 40,000 trains, freight and pas-
senger, operate daily throughout U. S.

“Stop trains with wind? Ridiculous idea!”
was scornful greeting George Westinghouse,
Pittsburgh inventor in his early twenties, en-
countered from railroad men when he sought
favorable attention for his crude automatic
air-brake (Patented Apr. 13, 1869).

First railroad tunnel in United States was
bored 900 feet through crest of Allegheny
Mountain at Portage, Pa., more than 100
years ago for canal boats plying by rail and
water between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.

“*Hook-headed” spike used today by rail-

roads to fasten steel rails to cross ties was
originally designed about 1830 by Robert L.
Stevens, then President of Camden and South
Amboy Railroad in New Jersey. Stevens at
same time designed the “*T” type rail used
today by railroads all over world,

Ibex, Colorado, on the Denver & Rio
Grande Western Railroad, is highest point
reached by standard steam railroad in this
country, 11,522 feet above sea level,

Prolonging life of railroad ties are countless
J&L-made “‘tie-plates”; steel plates installed
between rails and ties to provide a firm foun-
dation for rails and prevent cutting of ties
under heavy impact of trains.

Red Indians, not red points, were the great
problem when famous scout William F. Cody
signed contract to supply buffalo meat to
Union Pacific Railroad construction workers,
thus acquiring his title of “Buffalo Bill.”

Our machines package
cartridges, carbine and
machine-gun clips and
other difficult-to-wrap
products,

that i insures more efficient production

Hypodermie
Needles .

Sulfanilamide

Water-
Purifying
Tablets

Dental
eg Burs

The war has left no gap in the progress and
development of our packaging machinery.
We have not only carried on-our develop-
ment work while building armament ma-
chines and gyrocompasses, but have supplied
many different types of wrapping machines
for products required by our Armed Forces.

These machines have been adapted to the
use of numerous types of wrapping material.
They also feature new improvements result-
ing in higher speed and greater adjustability.

If you are planning for a better package,
more efficient cost-reducing methods, or are
seeking the right way to package a new post-
war product, why not put our up-to-the-min-
ute experience to work? Our knowledge is
backed by more than 30 years of leadership
in the packaging machinery field.

Phone or write our nearest office for assistance

on any phase of your packaging problems,

PACKAGE MACHINERY COMPANY
Springfield 7, Massachusetts
30 Church St., New York 7 « 111 W. Washington St., Chicago 2
101 W. Prospect Ave., Cleveland 15 © 443-8, San Pedro 8t., Los Angeles 18
32 Front St., W., Toronto 1.

PACKAGE MACHINERY CoM PANY

(ON aKe mn @lUlelaccian sii lites

Packa ] fey oj orate!

M< ‘oRe@annan:

10 ~ NEWSWEEK

AS ETE TE TE ESE

basic scientific problems. The motive was,
rather, their recognition of science as a vital-
ly important part of our cultural tradition.
Victor L. BUTTERFIELD
President
Wesleyan University
Middletown, Conn.
War Department Corrects
On page 58 of Newsweek for Feb. 26

appears a flagrant misrepresentation of fact ©

concerning the War Department’s policies
toward German prisoners of war. I refer to
the photograph captioned: “Do we pamper
Nazi prisoners? Girl friends say good-by to

this trainload of Germans being transferred .

from California to New Mexico.”

This picture was taken in March 194],
long before this country was at war or had
custody of any prisoners of war. What it

International
German seamen from the Columbus

actually shows is a group of interned sailors
from the scuttled German liner Columbus,

‘who were in the custody of the Immigration

Department, not the War Department.

NeEwsweEEx’s use of this photograph could
hardly ‘have been more harmful to the
Army, since it accompanies a factually cor-
rect report of a press conference held by the
Provost Marshal General, Maj. Gen.. Archer
L. Lerch, on Feb. 18 and gives the impres-
sion that such scenes as that shown are
currently being condoned by the War De-
partment.

A. D. SuRLEs
Major General, U.S.A.
Director
War Department
Bureau of Public Relations
Washington, D. C.

General Surles is correct in stating that
the questioned picture showed internces
picked up before the United States was a
war. Newsweek regrets the error.

A British Judgment

The sentiments of the American officer
who said he’d be damned if he'd stand up
before a group of men and talk about Eng-
land’s virtues (Letters, NEwsweEEx, Feb. 5)
seem on a par with some American news-
papers, films, etc., which, if not actually
belittling Britain’s war effort and achieve-
ments, put America’s to the forefront.

This attitude isn’t due to bombast or self-
ishness, I think. It seems to be just a lack of
appreciation . . . which is stupid because, at

aa YY SSS AW Wr _ NY I UA

on DP ZF

How many oceupations in this picture ?

There are no tricks—no hidden faces.
Just see how many ordinary, every-
day occupations you can find. Count
~ ’em before you check: the answer in
the tiny type below. *

Whatever the number, it’s a pretty
safe bet that all these occupations—
and many more—are represented
among the folks who own your local
electric light and power company.

Housewives and farmers lead the
stockholder lists of most such com-
panies.. But there are plenty of nurses
and doctors, teachers and mechanics,

secretaries and salesmen, too. There
are several million of these direct own-
ers—and you may be among them.

Certainly. you are included among
the indirect owners, if you have a sav-
ings account or life insurance policy.
When you maké a deposit or pay a
premium, the money isn’t just stuffed

in a strong-box and left there. It’s put -

to work earning a profit for you—a
profit called “interest.”

Banks and insurance companies in-
vest your money carefully. They put
a large proportion of it into electric

*The artist~who ought to know—says there are 45.

light and power: securities—because
these companies have proved their
basic soundness over the years by
dependable service and good business
management.

So the electric industry is probably
the most widely owned industry in
America. Almost every American has
a stake in it. And what helps the industry
helps you.

167 ELECTRIC LIGHT

AND POWER COMPANIES
SELF-SUPPORTING, TAX-PAYING BUSINESSES
*% Names on request from this magazine.

HEAR NELSON EDDY IN “THE ELECTRIC HOUR” WITH ROBERT ARMBRUSTER’S ORCHESTRA. EVERY SUNDAY AFTERNOON, 4:30, EWT, CBS NETWORK.

_ Hospitalization
ei...

Expenses paid in any
hospital anywhere —
for self and family.

Liberal cash payments up
to $175.00. Every type of
¥ surgery covered for your
entire family.

Doctor’s Bills

Pays for calls in his office,
Va. hospital or your home, for
“iz, any member of your family.

Family Expenses
Pays monthly disability in-
come, family readjustment
income, and for retirenvent.

College Expenses

.. Pays tuition for 4 college
+, years, monthly expenses,
. and cash for graduation.

WITtt

rt |
EXCLUSIV, BAL. 1 VAAN

All these liberalized benefits — in-
cluding income to dependents in case
of death from any cause—are pro-
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savings. Send for full information.
tional, from $5 to $25

and up, depending on
benefits you need.

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Offices in More Than 40 Major Cities

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Salieri tapes tees senineene cna emacn io

—pew—e.

NEWSWEEK

heart, you Americans are appreciative to the
highest degree.

Before the war, when thousands of you
visited the world-famous London hotel where
I was press secretary, I got many feature
stories and photos about you into British
newspapers; nobody could have been more
appreciative than you. Nowadays I am secre-
tary of a well-known London club whose
members include many Americans, from the
highest rank down. Again, none could be
more appreciative than they for the services
and facilities extended to them.

Consequently, I am forced to the conclu-
sion that any lack of appreciation of Britain
and the British must be confined in the main
to American stay-at-homes, whose insularity
would sometimes seem to surpass that of
even the most insular-minded Briton.

H. Smitru
London, England

German Badge

I enclose a picture of the German Crimean
badge taken from a Nazi captured recently
in Holland by the soldiers of the Polish First
Armored Division. The badge will be sent to

Captured Honor: German Crimean award

the Polish Museum in Ghicago. It commem-
orates the German battle for Crimea of 1941-
42 and was awarded only to active partici-
pants of this once-victorious campaign.

ALEXANDER JANTA
New York City

alee

Untouchable Idol?

It has been suggested by many people of
late that the emperor should be bombed in
Tokyo.

Having lived about ten years in Japan,
meeting all classes of Japanese, I learned
that “Mike” is primarily an idol to the Japa-
nese people as a whole and his authority
over the course of national events is prac-
tically nil. It is the army and navy leaders
who have been casting the “shadows,” and
they have been in power longer than Hiro-
hito has lived.

The common people of Japan hate war as

The point’s the pro-
ducing end of a pencil.
Bonding the lead to the
wood (Pressure-Proofing)
makes Venus VELVET
points strong.

They’re smooth,

too. Try them...

you'll specify them!

Venus VELVETS
agmy are better pencils
“6... but only 5¢.

VENUS
VELVET

PENCILS

Amsnican Leap Pencn. Company, Hopoxen, Naw Jusesv

|S gemini the Annual Advertising Awards
jury selected the 100 best War Advertise-
ments of 1944.

Young & Rubicam created thirteen of them.

Four of these thirteen advertisements dealt
solely with a war theme.

But tn the remaining nine, tt was found pos-
sible to kell two birds with one stone.

In the advertiser’s judgment and our own,
each of the nine did a good job both for the
war effort and the product.

These advertisements represent one happy

way of discharging the obligation which today
faces every advertiser—and, of course, every

is happened 9 out of (3 times!

advertising agency as well.

Obviously, it is not always possible for an
advertiser to devote his entire advertising to
the war effort.

But we do believe that a little extra ingenuity
often makes it possible for an advertisement
to sell its product effectively and at the same
time help do one of the many jobs that must
be done to win the war.

YOUNG & RUBICAM, INC.

ADVERTISING

NEW YORK © CHICAGO ° DETROIT * SAN FRANCISCO
HOLLYWOOD - MONTREAL * TORONTO ° LONDON

ety Hatin

— are.

for Getting the Best Personal Movies!

OVIE people know that it
M takes fine equipment to

make fine movies. That’s why so
many of them shoot their home
movies with Filmo Cameras!

Filmo picture quality proves
that Bell & Howell put the same
workmanship into their personal
cameras as into B&H profes-
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14 NEWSWEEK

pceiamiiiaeiiiiinedticn — Lekaaiel

ternational
Figurehead: Emperor Hirohito

do home-loving people the world over. To
destroy intentionally their clay-like idol
would be foolhardy and would cause them
to mistrust us for many years to come. ‘
: W. B. Smita |

Oakland, Calif. 4

From the Lectured ' q
The letter “Lecture for Americans” (NEWS
WEEK, March 12) has impressed me strongly;
It certainly gives me personally a great lif
to know at least some of the young peopk
who are fighting for their country are think
ing so deeply on this subject.
Joun RwceE ty Jr.
Baltimore, Md.

@ After months of reading lectures against
our Allies, it was a treat to read one of un-
derstanding and gratitude toward them.

WILLIAM JAMES WIGHT
Elsinore, Calif.

@ The “Lecture for Americans” from a serv-§ are
iceman was heartening, for I very much orc
doubt that many Americans realize the ex be}
tent to which animosity is slowly rising inf tor
the countries of the British Commonwealth in
over the restraint demanded from them tof wh
avoid disturbing the feelings of the citizens} sur

of the United States, bei
W. Dramonp _s

Vancouver, B. C. ws
Canada °
ma

@ If the writer thinks so highly of the French] 2 $
and British and so little of the Americans, | the
wonder why he doesn’t remain there after Cy
the war. I too have a son over there. He says a0
he likes the English and next to America he ll
likes France, but he can hardly wait to get Wi
back home to the “dear old U.S.A.” ove

Mrs. E. J. O.
Detroit, Mich.

Fe ce OR ARR ARR BE

omitting Mw ty foot

And it looks as if someone’s white shoes
are in for trouble. For the appearance of
ordinary white leather can be damaged
beyond repair if the surface is scuffed or
torn. But, there’s something new afoot
in leather too—white leather that is
white all the way through, not just on the
surface. As a result, white shoes are now
being made which will stand up under
rough treatment better than any you
have ever seen before.

This new all-through white leather is
made possible by the use of TANAK* MR,
a special melamine resin developed in
the research laboratories of American
Cyanamid Company. Leathers can be
tanned with it which are not only white
all the way through but will not darken
with age or exposure to sunlight. More-
over, they are highly resistant to heat

and oxidation, and are improved in tex-
ture, fullness and wearing qualities. Nor
is the use of TANAK MR limited to white
leathers. Applied alone or in conjunc-
tion with other tanning materials it
assures improved leathers for
many other purposes besides
shoes—luggage, handbags, coats
and jackets, upholstery, belts,
gloves and a host of similar
articles in which leather is pre-
ferred. And because it is a syn-
thetic product it will help to
conserve the world’s dwindling
supply of natural tannins while
making this country less depend-
ent on imported materials.

The development of TANAK
melamine resins for the leather
industry is still another example

One of a series ating Coanamid s many activities,

of the way Cyanamid research is putting
one of the newest chemical raw ma-
terials, melamine, to work in “molding
the future through chemistry.”

*Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.

American
Cyanamid Company

30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA, NEW YORK 20, N. ¥.

MOLDING THE FUTURE THROUGH CHEMISTRY

Almost every American
benefits every day

Jrom the products of

"MASS PRODUCTION FOR WAR” was painted by James Sessions at one of Borg-Warner’s Norge plants.
In peacetime, the great Norge factories at Detroit and Muskegon produce the famed Norge line of Rollator
refrigerators, ranges, washers, heating and air-conditioning equipment. Today they are wholly engaged
in building war materiel, ranging from intricately fabricated parts to such complex assemblies as
Oerlikon gun mounts, undercowling for war planes and gun turrets for fighters, bombers and naval craft.

Peacetime makers of essential
operating parts for the auto-
motive, aviation, marine and
farm implement industries and
of Norge home appliances.

ENGINEERING

Someday, when America is again at
peace, the nation’s industries which
have proved so strong in war will
produce once more those long-

- awaited new cars, refrigerators, and

innumerable other things we have
all been doing without.

In this gigantic peace-time job of
re-establishing America’s high stand-
ard of living, Borg-Warner can be
depended upon to make significant
contributions of far-reaching effect.

As in the past, Borg-Warner will pro- .

duce, and will help industry to pro-
duce, products that benefit “‘almost
every American every day.”

In the fields of engineering and
large scale manufacture, one guiding
principle will, as always, direct the
efforts of this group of companies;
“design it better, make it better.”

In production for war or for peace
this motto has always expressed the
Borg-Warner ideal, operating for
your benefit in that it results in ever
better products at ever lower cost.

These units form Borg-Warner: BoRG & BECK + BORG-WARNER INTERNATIONAL » BORG WARNER SERVICE PARTS « B-W SUPER-
CHARGERS, INC. ¢ CALUMET STEEL * DETROIT GEAR AIRCRAFT PARTS * DETROIT VAPOR STOVE * INGERSOLL STEEL & DISC ¢ LONG

MANUFACTURING ¢ MARBON ¢ MARVEL-SCHEBLER CARBURETER ¢ MECHANICS UNIVERSAL JOINT * MORSE CHAIN ¢ NORGE ¢ NORGE

MACHINE PRODUCTS ¢ PESCO PRODUCTS * ROCKFORD CLUTCH ¢ SPRING DIVISION « WARNER AUTOMOTIVE PARTS ¢ WARNER GEAR

* 4A
* Bt
*
*
*
*F
*
* F
*
* M
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
x F
*
*
*«
*
xv
* &B
x F
* V
* V

APRIL 2, 1945

Newsweek VOL. XXV NO. 14

Registered U.S. Patent Office
THE MAGAZINE OF NEWS SIGNIFICANCE

INDEX

* ART e e
* BOOKS e e e eo . e 100
*% BUSINESS, LABOR, AGRI-
CULTURE, AVIATION. 66
*% CANADIAN WEEK .
* EDUCATION...
* FIGHTING FRONTs .
*% FOREIGN AFFAIRS .

President and Publisher:
Managing Editor:
Asst. Managing Editors:

Associates: Raymond Moley, Admiral William_V.

N., Retired, Ralph Robey, Maj. Gen. J. F. C. Fuller,
British Army Retired, John Lardner.*

86 Associate Editors: Charles Burns, John Caldwell, Kenneth

25 Crawford, Robert Humphreys, Clarence Judd, Harry F.

Kern, Tom Sears, William T. Shenkel.+

62 Uv. S.

MALCOLM MUIR

CHET SHAW

FRED VANDERSCHMIDT
EDWIN STOUT

Pratt,

Vanderschmidt has particular
reason to relish the job which reharnesses
him to a typewriter. In 1938, he covered
a series of conferences (for AP) which
were direct antitheses to the coming con-
clave in California but which were just
as far-reaching in their implications. Fred
went to Godesberg, on the Rhine, with
Neville Chamberlain. The British Prime
Minister was prepared to consent to Hit-
ler’s demands on Czecho-Slovakia. In-
stead, the man with the umbrella found
that Hitler wanted more and more. A

deadlock ensued and Vanderschmidt re-

turned to London. to find trenches being

* FROM THE CAPITAL News Editors: Elmer B. Dulmage, Dorothy Woolf, Pan-Ameri-
can Editor: Harry B. Murkland, Canadian Editor: John E.
Thompson. Editorial Budget Director: Bernard P. Dangel-
maier, ‘

Bureaus: Washington, Emest K. Lindley (chief), Walter Fitz-

dug in Hyde Park and his family stand-
ing in line to receive gas masks.

maurice (assistant chief),
Bayless, Vera Clay, Esther Ellis, Mary Gay, Catherine
Hendricks, Anne H.

ames R. Aswell, Glen
iers, Ann Ives, Henry Paynter,

Hobart Rowen, John B. Stone, Gilbert W. Stewart Jr.,

Edward Weintal. Lendon, Mary B.

. Palmer (acting

chief), Norma J. Baker. Paris, Joseph S. Evans Jr. (also

chief European correspondent), Geral

dine ‘Barry Cribb.

Manila, Robert Shaplen,* William Hipple.* Chungking,

* SCIENCE .
* SPORTS .. .
* THEATER. “oe
% TRANSITION. .
* WASHINGTON TRENDS
* Business Tides,
Ralph Robey .. .
* Perspective,
Raymond Moley .
* Washington Tides,
Ernest K. Lindley .. .
* War Tides
Maj. Gen. Fuller. . .
Adm. Wm. V. Pratt. .

de Blasio,

Harold R. Isaacs.* Mediterranean Theater, Roland C.
Gask. Western Front, Al Newman.® John U. Terrell.*
Hollywood, Thornton Delehanty.

Department Heads:. Olga Barbi, Marguerite Clark, Emily
Coleman, Tech
Forsling, John Hom,
Frank

Davis, Malcolm J. Fleming, Elizabeth
Diane Kirchner, Hilda Loveman,
- McCusker, Karl Schriftgiesser, George Y

Wells, James W. Wells, T. H. Wenning.

Assistant Editors: Sheila Baker, William W. Boddie, Tom W.
Bynum Jr., John Ferris, Frances Fore, Joseph M. Graham,
Diana Hirsh, Paul E. Kline, Frank H.
Panos P. Morphopoulos, Ralph D. Paladino, Katharine
Riggs, Ed

Editorial Assistants: Mary M. Ahem, Jean Baker, Barbara
gag J.

ole

MacMillen,
win G. Vickery, Niles W. von Wettberg.

Calamari, Lillian Chiriaka, Helen S. Davis,

Natalie Doernberg, Terry Ferrer,

Elizabeth M. Fowler, Lenore Garrett, Harriet Halliday,

Merry Hannula,- Mary B, Hood, Cec

il Hopkins, Ruth

Landowne, Jeanne Loveday, Sally Magowan, Claus
Meyer, Elizabeth Miller, Elma S. Nagle, Edward W.
O’Brien, Ann O’Connor, Frances A. Palmer, Susan
Phelps, Elizabeth ee Judith Siegel, Anne Sinclair,

Ruth R. Skattebol, Ru

“Werthman, Bobette Wiener.

* Photo and Art Assistants: Grace Dostal, Frank Nigra, Anthony
Rollo, Jack Rollo.

*At the Fighting Fronts

Missing in Action

Vice President and General Manager: T. F. MUELLER
Secretary and Treasurer: CHARLES F. BOMER
Advertising Director: ARTHUR V. ANDERSON
Advertising Manager: EDWIN J. HUGHES
Director of Circulation and Manufacturing
Production: FRANK WARE

The Cover—Thousands of Al-
lied paratroopers drop’ east
of the Rhine last week in

atest airborne operation in
istory. They struck in front of
the assault forces swarming over
the river in landing craft to

sistance in the west. This picture
was taken i
(See Fighting Fro

during preparations.
#5 AP Photo

For Your
Information . . .

ext month, close

to 800 newspa-

permen and women

will be in San Fran-

cisco to cover the

United Nations Se-

curity Conference.

: ola step ere: by

e delegates from

= 40-odd nations to
fshion a foundation for a world at peace
will be reported for global consumption.
Much is expected of the confcrence, but

Sa
ag

Special rate for members of Armed Fo
$3.50 a year.- ‘‘Battle Baby’’ for Armed Forces overseas (APO or
FPO) by first-class mail $3.50 a year.

Board of Directors: MARY CUSHING ASTOR, CHARLES F. BOMER,
E. ROLAND HARRIMAN, T. F. MUELLER, MALCOLM MUIR,

the ROLAND L. REDMOND.

Address all correspondence regarding subscriptions to Circulation

Department, Newsweek herman Broadway and 42nd S
York 18, New York. Ch Address: Send both old

treet, New
and new

anges
addresses, and allow four weeks for change to become effective.
r ion Prices:
crack the crust of German re- $7.50 two years, $10 three years. Foreign postage $2.00 a
§

U. S. and Hawaiian editions, $5.00 one year,

a9
rees in continental U.S.

Vanderschmidt

whatever the diplomatic results, they will
comprise perhaps the biggest internation-
al “story” in history.

Our plans to give the occasion
the top-flight coverage it demands are
pretty well laid. Chief responsibility for
our general report of conference decisions
will fall on Fred Vanderschmidt, As-
sistant Managing Editor, who will direct
our staff of reporters on the scene, not as
an executive but as a member of the

vero BU BLIC LIBRARY

And then the conference at
Munich, conducted even more. than its
predecessors in the cut-and-dried atmos-
phere of appeasement. On this one, Van-
derschmidt quotes Sir Nevile Henderson,
the then British Ambassador to Berlin:
“It was like standing around an operating
table without a patient.” With the rest of
the disillusioned foreign correspondents,
Fred returned to London, covered Brit-
ain’s declaration of war, and went on to
Amsterdam as Bureau Chief. The period
of diplomatic dishonesty and Hitlerite
hypocrisy was over.

Vanderschmidt’s broad experi-
ence in reporting European diplomacy
contains another significant example of
negative negotiation. He watched closely
the meetings of the so-called Committee
on Non-Intervention in the Spanish Civil
War and came out of that maze of diplo-
matic double-talk to describe it as “super-
vision of the Spanish Republic’s collapse.”

It is little wonder, then, that our
Assistant Managing Editor approaches
the San Francisco conference with some
reservations. Naturally, he has the same
high hopes for its lasting achievements
as do all peace-loving people, but he can-
not dismiss lightly the diplomatic deviltry
he has seen at close range in the past.
Next month, Fred Vanderschmidt will be
watching for signals of international hon-
esty marking the road to lasting peace,
as against the signs of treachery and
hypocrisy to which she has been ac-
customed.

Thus, from San Francisco NEws-
WEEK readers can expect a frank and ob-
jective report. We might add that our
staff coverage will be reinforced with
Washington Bureau Chief Ernest K.
Lindley’s analysis and interpretation. Ac-
companying Lindley from Washington
will be the linguistic Ted Weintal to cov-
er the diplomatic front. All of which adds
up to keeping you well informed on the
California conference.

194s

rT
ENina pronducTts SInce

These are the things that make America strong... the
industries that RB&W has served during its 100 years
of developing better fasteners for better products.

10.8 < Peal

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'You hardly see one of today’s streamlined fliers before—swwitsh—it’s practically out of sight!
What a contrast—in speed, comfort and appearance—to laboring, hard-chugging trains of 100 years
ago...trains which were also the miracles of their times... There is s#i// one important element
of construction that the pioneer trains and the latest models have in common—the use of RB&W bolts and nuts.
Around the middle of the last century, RB&W EMPIRE provided the quality that railroading in those days
required ...and, as the railroads’ requirements became more severe through the years, RB&W quality was ready
to meet those new requirements.

first automatic cold-header nearly a century ago,
RB&W has invested many fortunes in research and
- development work, equipment and plants. And from these investments has come the
creation of a host of new processes and methods for producing fasteners of even greater strength and accuracy— of better’
appearance and finish—of maximum dependability . . . Entering its second century, RB&W has great plans for
further developments that will be important news to the transportation industries and others that have always
looked to RB&W for the quality that makes their quality products easier to assemble and stronger and better in service.

0G i KE AMERICA 5 7
g A
—— ESS wat TRONG

RUSSELL, eR ie. & WARD BOLT AND NUT COMPANY

Factories at: Port Chester, N. Y., Covonoats, Pa.. Prva bag be Paton oath tS
tributers trom coost to cocst. The industry’ ot Sea coment

cision
supp]
neari
rived
eral
Mani
but J

}

VoL. XXV, No. 14

Newsweek

Apri 2, 1945

‘The Perisco

Registered U. S. Patent Office

What’s Behind Today's
# News and What's to Be Expected
in Tomorrow's

Capital Straws

Under Secretary of Commerce Wayne
C. Taylor, a Jesse Jones appointee, is re-
signing to accept a State Department as-
signment.. . . Rumors persist at the State
Department that Dean Acheson may quit
as Assistant Secretary . . . When Lend-
Lease settlements are made, the State De-
partment hopes to get an “advantageous
opportunity” to acquire buildings and
grounds for foreign service establish-
ments abroad. Prices on property shoot
up when it’s known that the U.S. wants
to buy . . . Conway P. Coe is considering
resigning as Commissioner of the Patent
Office . . . The CIO is demanding that
Secretary of Labor Perkins appoint a
CIO man as Second Assistant Secretary
of Labor. Dan Tracy, an AFL member,
is first assistant . . . Edwin Pauley, Cali-
fornia oil man and treasurer of the Demo-
cratic National Committee, is a possi-
bility for a top Navy Department vacancy
expected soon. ;

Rebuff by MacArthur

Secretary of War Stimson has had a
red hot clash thrown into his lap. Maj.
Gen. Norman Kirk, Surgeon General of
the Army, recently made a trip to the
Pacific to expedite handling of wounded
and sick and to make on-the-spot de-
cisions regarding hospitals and medical
supplies. The campaign on Luzon was
nearing its end when General Kirk ar-
rived on Leyte by air. He radioed Gen-
eral MacArthur that he was coming to
Manila to check on the medical situation,
but MacArthur sent back a terse message
that military operations were such that
Kirk should not ‘make the visit. Kirk,
scarcely able to believe the wording of
the message, asked MacArthur if some
mistake had not been made and if such
an inspection trip was not necessary in
order to speed the handling of wounded
and sick soldiers. MacArthur replied with
a message that read abruptly: “No.”

irk returned to Washington boiling
with rage.

Leaves After V-E Day

Wives, sweethearts, and families of
soldiers who have been long overseas in
European and Mediterranean thea-
ters may be disappointed in their hopes

that their men will have a furlough at
home before being shipped to the war
against Japan. While the War Depart-
ment has made regulations to apportion
fairly available furloughs for the U.S.
after V-E Day, the actual number of fur-
loughs may be relatively small. Shipping
is the big problem. The war against Japan
will take top priority in the use of all
available tonnage. Many men will go di-
rect to the Pacific from Europe. Mili-
tary men realize the importance of the
morale factor involved in moving troops
by way of the U.S., but they also wish
to guard against unwarranted hopes and
expectations.

Yalta Mementos

Secretary of State Stettinius, who
headed the U. S. delegation at the Inter-
American Conference after participating
in the Yalta meeting, took time off in
Mexico City to select and order four
personal gifts in Mexican silver for
Crimean conferees. They included large
plates for British Foreign Secretary Eden,
Soviet Foreign Commissar Molotoff, and
General Marshall, and a silver box for
the President. The _ inscription on
F.D.R.’s gift reads: “To the President
of the United States, Franklin D. Roose-
velt, in recognition of his vision, courage,
and achievements at the Crimea confer-
ence, February 4-11, 1945, From Edward
R. Stettinius Jr.”

Headquarters Moscow

The U.S. publicity agent for the Lu-
blin Polish government, Edward J. Fal-
kowski, had a hard time learning whether
he was to take his instructions from Lu-
blin or Moscow. After a number of cables
between Falkowski and the Lublin au-
thorities, he appealed to Moscow. A mes-
sage from the Soviet tersely stated that
he would take his instructions from Mos-
cow.

From Capitol Hill
The Administration is worried because

' Chairman Thomas of the Senate Agri-

culture Committee has asked state com-
missioners of agriculture to sit in.on the
committee’s inquiry into the nation’s food
problem . . . Incidentally, five different
Congressional inquiries are being made
or will be made into the food problem...
A growing tendency of Democratic and
Republican liberals in Congress to work
together without regard to party lines is
attracting the attention of political lead-
ers ... The possibility that Gov. Dwight
Griswold of Nebraska will oppose Sen.

Hugh Butler in the Republican primary
next year is being discussed in GOP
circles,

National Notes

A Congressional committee is investi-
gating charges that lives have been lost
because some life rafts supplied to U. S.
ships are unsuitable . . . Friends of Lt.
Gen. William S..Knudsen, commanding
general of the Air Technical Service
Command who is credited with many of
the U.S. war-production miracles, say
that he will resign shortly after V-E Day
because of ill health. Knudsen, who is
66, has worked from twelve to eighteen
hours daily for the government since
1940 . . . If your dentist has more
trouble than usual in getting that cavity
prepared for a filling, don’t be too hard
on him. The armed forces have requi-
sitioned 55% of all new dental burrs.

Philippines Political Unrest

U. S. Government reports from the
Philippines reveal that high American
and Filipino officials are afraid attempts
may be made to overthrow President
Osmefia. Some important guerrilla lead-
ers regard the Osmefia government as a
continuation of the Quezon regime,
which had many political enemies.
Osmejia has tried to meet the situation
by bringing guerrilla leaders into his
Cabinet.

Enemy Aliens

Latin American officials who went to
much trouble to round up suspicious Ger-
mans and Japs and send them to the U. S.
for internment were surprised to learn
that more than 10% of the 2,000 still in
this country (some were repatriated) are
free. Those who after further check were
not considered dangerous have jobs on
farms, as chemists, in hotels as bellboys,
etc., and are living and working outside
of internment camps. They are under pa-
role, however, and must report twice a
week to an Alien Control officer.

Paris Notes

A commission to recover works of art
stolen by the Germans has been set up
in France. Its hardest job will be to re-
cover French art used by the Germans
for payments in other occupied countries,
which now refuse to return them...
Even undertakers have been hit by the
transportation shortage; low-cost funerals ©
are now conducted for two dead at a

(No part of this or the next page may be reproduced without written permission)

20 THE PERISCOPE

time . . . All-day electric current has
been restored, and theaters and cinemas
again are permitted to play full schedules

. . » Currently, the favorite actor’s role.

in Paris is Nero. Three young actors have
played the part this season; 18-year-old
Serge Reggiani is the latest, at the
Théatre Pigalle.

Keeping China in the War

At the Crimea conference, when a Rus-
sian Army staff officer urged Sir Alan
Brooke, chief of the British Imperial Gen-
eral Staff, to withdraw a number of di-
visions from Burma for use in Europe,
General Marshall interrupted before Sir
Alan could answer and said: “No. The
- Burma campaign is of the greatest impor-
tance in keeping China in the war.” That
settled it. Actually, the reopening of the
old Burma Road route from Lashio to
Kunming will not be of top military sup-
ply importance, but it will be of political
importance, because it will keep moving
into China heavy artillery, vehicles, ma-
chine tools, and other items badly need-
ed by an economy tottering for lack of
basic supplies.

Jap Blunder in Burma

Allied officers have noted with interest
and puzzlement that the Japanese in
Burma are on the point of losing an army
and a priceless territory because they did
not bother to maintain the highway sys-
tem, although ‘they treated the natives
as slave labor. In many instances Allied
forces have destroyed Jap columns stalled
on bad roads. The primary Jap interest in
Burma was a springboard for the in-
vasion of India and, secondarily, the lim-
itless oil near Mandalay. For both ob-
jectives, prudence would have indicated
the desirability of a highway system.
No explanation is offered except a pos-
sible morale breakdown on the part of
high Jap regional command officers.

Control of German News

Elmer Davis, head of the Office of
War Information, is joining his deputy
director, Wallace Carroll, in Europe to
plan with General Eisenhower and other
top SHAEF officials for control of Ger-
man information channels after V-E Day.
Taking over where the Army’s Psycholog-
ical Warfare Branch leaves off, the OWI
will have charge of radio, newspapers,
and films in parts of the Reich occupied
by U.S. forces. The length of this con-
trol is as yet undetermined.

Foreign Notes

Although not admitted officially, the
U. S. promised to deliver coal to Switzer-
land in return for its concessions in ending
aid to Germany (see page 58) .. . The
Chinese and Soviet Foreign Offices are
working cautiously toward some arrange-
ments for consultation before the San
Francisco conference. Neither wants to
suggest the idea but both are anxious to

meet before formal conversations begi

. . . Indicative of Soviet interest in the
Near East, Leningrad University has
opened a new school for Near Eastern
subjects where languages, history, and
geography are taught.

More Uses for Soybeans

There’s unpublicized but feverish ac-
tivity to find new postwar uses for the
soybean crop. War needs have lifted pro-
duction to 200,000,000 bushels a year,
and there’s fear that a sudden end of
the war demand might bankrupt many
producers and processors. Current labo-
ratory experiments are making good prog-
ress in such diverse fields as adhesives,
wall board, paper coating, synthetic wool
and rubber, and foam solutions for fire

fighting.

The War and Jobs

A forthcoming Bureau of Labor Sta-
tistics report estimates that more than
7,000,000 workers will leave their jobs
after the war. This is the breakdown: Of
the 18,000,000 employed women 38,500,
000 will go back to housekeeping;
about 3,000,000 workers under 18 who
quit studies to take war jobs will resume
their a and 1,000,000 persons
over 65 will retired. Bureau statis-
ticians express some doubts that the 60,-
000,000-job goal of F.D.R. and Henry
Wallace can be attained. They believe
jobs for 52,000,000 to 54,000,000 per-
sons would bring about full employment

‘ in the postwar years.

Army Wheat Buying

The Army is buying and will continue
to buy during the next two months huge
quantities of U. S. wheat for shipment
to Europe and elsewhere. Until now it’s
been difficult to send the grain because
of shipping-space limitations. Besides,
the exact relief needs for liberated coun-
tries have only recently become known.
Although the Army forbids publication
of figures, the Agriculture Department
welcomes the purchases because of the
domestic wheat surplus. Despite the
heavy military buying, the carry-over of
old wheat will be more than 350,000,000
bushels which, together with an esti-

mated 1945 crop of over a billion bush- —

els, will create another surplus.

Business Footnotes

Several large businesses are beating
Washington’s hotel shortage by leasing
residential property. The Texas Co., for
instance, can provide bed and breakfast
for 25 persons in the former Chauncey
Depew house . . . With the outlook for
civilian ian tires bleak, you can expect the
government to place renewed emphasis
on its 35-mile-an-hour speed-limit cam-
paign . . . Private cotton-trade estimates
indicate that cotton planting this year

NEWSWEEK, Aprit 2, 1945

may fall as low as 18,000,000 acres, a
10% decline from 1944, smallest year
since 1895. Assuming normal production,

‘the crop would be about 8,700,000 bales,

less than U. S. exports alone in 1927,
There is a huge world surplus of raw
cotton, and growers are shifting to other
crops . . . With the help of a C-ap-
proved plan, allowing 1% of male work-
ers of each plant to work on postwar tech-
nical preparations, auto companies will
be ready when the time comes for recon-
version insofar as “paper” work is con-
cerned. Some have virtually complete
new plant layouts and revised specifica-
tions to eliminate “bugs” in 1942 models
resulting from materials shortages.

Movie Lines

Harvey,” the Broadway hit starring
Frank Fay, is now officially up for sale
to the movies but the asking price, $500,-
000 plus a sizable percentage of the
gross, is probably too high to interest
most studios . . . Hollywood observers
say Jean Arthur will leave the screen soon.
She is considering several Broadway plays
and may try the stage rather than retire
completely . . . Studio extras are refusing
to light their own cigarettes when clouds
of smoke are necessary for the proper at-
mosphere in mob scenes. Instead of fur-
nishing cigarettes, the studios now use
smudge pots to cloud the air.

Radio Notes

Look for several top announcers, such
as Harry von Zell, Bill Goodwin, and Ken
Carpenter, to become full-fledged net-
work stars with their own shows next
season. The trend stems in part from the
current talent shortage and the fact
that the announcers already are audience
favorites . ... There’s more and more
talk by industry insiders about the forma-
tion of a fifth major network soon after
the war’s end when the nece: equip-
ment and manpower are avai ok
Watch for Ed Gardner—Archie, the man-
ager of Duffy’s Tavern—to make a USO
tour overseas this summer . . . Elsa Max-
well is considering a weekly radio series
and Ned start on Mutual sometime next
month. .

Miscellany

The Marine Corps has recalled a num-
ber of combat correspondents from Iwo
Jima and may assign them to write a
full-length book on the bitter island cam-
paign ... Billboard’s Honor Roll of Hits,
the latest barometer of the nation’s popu-
lar songs, is regarded in Tin Pan Alley
as the first serious threat to Your Hit
Parade . . . Walter Lippmann has cabled
Moscow requesting an opportunity to
reply in Pravda to that paper’s recent
denunciation of his wg He S. War
True Story wi ublish a special armed
forces edition without advertising.

Were sorry it ever
came to this. . .

come fo this, but...

o
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——
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—

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and itmay never

ae:

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Na A
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The wartime handicaps now facing us in the Hotel
Pennsylvania in New York haven’t affected our
plans for that future day when Hotel Pennsylvania
guests can request andreceive the exact type of
accommodations they require.

Plus the full range of services and conveniences
that make jthe Hotel Pennsylvania the kind of place

you enjoy stopping at.

Of course, even today, your stay at the Hotel
Pennsylvania is a remarkably comfortable one, in
spite of wartime problems.

You can always count on the pleasant atmos-
phere of our comfortable rooms with their famous
Statler beds.

After the war, all of us
who serve you in the Hotel
Pennsylvania will be able

_ to make your stay even
more enjoyable.

Meanwhile, we will ap-
preciate yourcontinued pa-
tience and thoughtfulness.

YOUR DOLLARS ARE URGENTLY
NEEDED FOR U.S. WAR BONDS

Washington

NEWSWEEK, APRIL 2, 1945

Trends

Looks at GHQ of

- The Periscope “the War Effort

The war in Europe is as good as over from the long-range war
planners’ point of view. They talk of the campaign now develop-
ing east of the Rhine as the last big push. It will be fought
largely with men and materials already on the scene. For them
V-E Day, when it comes, will be completely discounted.

Picking a date for V-E may be an arbitrary matter. It is ques-
tionable whether, when large-scale organized resistance ceases,
there will be any leadership in Germany considered competent
to surrender. Nazi leaders will be hunted war criminals. No
active military commander will be in a position to speak for
the whole army. Consequently, the war probably will fizzle out
rather than end abruptly with a formal acceptance of uncondi-
* tional surrender.

War damage in Germany is turning out to be even worse than
expected. Most civilians are docile and cooperative. The im-
mediate problems of military government are therefore less
acute than anticipated, but long-range problems are more
formidable. The bare essentials of food, clothing, and shelter
will be lacking in many bombed-out cities.

The Free Germany Committee, composed of German prisoners
in Russia, is talking softly over the Moscow radio about the hard
peace policy of Yalta. A spokesman for the committee in a
speech recently monitored by the FCC told the German people
that payment of reparations in kind would provide employment
and thus be preferable to payment in cash.

Hints that Russia has abandoned its forced-labor plan came
from the same speaker. He talked only of voluntary work to
repair war damage. There must be “deliveries in kind and vol-
untary services to contribute to the reconstruction of that which

has been destroyed,” he said.
e

War demands for the next six to nine months will be almost as
heavy as they are now. The Army’s preliminary figures, under
study by the WPB but still unreleased, confirm the impression
that Pacific war plans call for so much material that an initial
post-V-E Day cutback of only 10 to 15% will be possible. The
old 40% cutback estimate is out.

Strategic developments in the Pacific underlie the Army’s de-
cision to pour more men and equipment into the war against
the Japs than was originally intended. Acquisition of bases close
to Japan, for example, will accelerate air warfare against Jap-
anese industrial centers. Moreover, if Russia declares war
against Japan, the Red Army will continue to draw heavily on
American supplies.

Materials released by limited cutbacks immediately after Ger-
many’s collapse will be apportioned among the neediest civilian
industries. What materials will become available and what in-
dustries will get them won’t be known until the Army’s esti-
mates, submitted in terms of finished products, are broken down
into component materials. ;

Change-over to improved military models is creating some seri-
ous production problems. Two assembly plants and six parts
factories on the West Coast are struggling to maintain their old
schedules while shifting from B-17 to B-29 production. Before

——_—$——

the end of this year manufacturers of tanks, radar equipment,
and trucks will have some of the same troubles.

Men 30 to 33 will be particularly vulnerable to conscription{
between now and V-E Day. They will have to take up the
slack let out by continued deferments for essential workers in
the 26- to 29-year category. Army pressure for more munitions
has increased industrial pressure for these deferments.

Present indications are that eighteen-year-olds will be numerous
enough to satisfy the Army’s demand for new recruits after V-E
Day. Older civilians who get by that day will be safe from Gen-
eral Hershey.

Food production will be stepped up by belated government
action to offset increased Army and foreign-relief demands.
The results will not justify relaxation of rationing but may ease
the coming pinch somewhat (see page 66).

Pig and poultry raising will be particularly encouraged. These
sources of quick food supply were ignored during the feed
shortage of 1943-44. Now farmers are being urged to raise more
baby chicks and pigs even though the season is late. The OPA
has raised the ceiling on broilers slightly more than a cent a
pound. Since feed is again plentiful and cheap, thanks to the
big 1944 harvest, this rise will provide a substantial incentive.

Dry-bean and dry-péa crdps also will be increased. Farmers are
being offered a slightly higher support price for beans. Support!
for peas will be continued at the old rate.

More meat will be routed through Federally inspected plants
in an effort to equalize distribution. Locally inspected plants
will be encouraged to accept Federal inspection and thus in-
crease the supply available for interstate transport. By manipv-
lation of its subsidy lever, the government can put pressure on
non-Federally inspected plants; it already has done so to effect
a wider distribution of processed pork.

The lead shortage is becoming desperate. The WPB has dipped
into a dwindling stockpile for automobile batteries, tetra-ethy!
gasoline, and toothpaste tubes. The Army will not stand for
further withdrawals to meet civilian needs. Shortage of miners
is the principal cause.

A partial plan for colonial trusteeship has been worked out by
State Department experts for presentation at San Francisco. It
calls for perpetual leases on strategically important but other-
wise unimportant ex-enemy areas like Iwo Jima. Under the plan
the United Nations could lease this bit of volcanic ash to the
United States for an air and naval base with no strings attached.

The more complex questions involved in establishing trustee:
ships over semi-autonomous areas, League of Nations mandates,
and populous colonies taken from the enemy would be left,

under the American plan, for future settlement by the worldg

organization. These questions, it is feared, would be too much
for the San Francisco meeting to digest.

American policy at the moment is to concede the world or
ganization ultimate authority over all world real estate not con
tained within the boundaries of an established nation. Ever
such American territory as Puerto Rico, they feel, might be sub
ject to inspection by the world organization’s agents as a check

on U.S. stewardship. By the same token, African colonies #

European powers should be open to critical examination.

‘The mightiest weapon of war

oti marches on two legs
ers in

itions

down the road to Tokyo and Berlin.

LeTOUS
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A WELL-INFORMED PUBLIC IS AMERICAS GREATEST SECURITY

Newsweek

The Magazine of News Significance

Volume XXV Number 14

¢ FIGHTING FRONTS °-

Wehrmacht Begins to Break Apart
Under Punishment of Allied Arms

Thrown Back From the Rhine
Enemy Seeks Last Battleground
That Already Is Slipping

It was a symbol of victory—the solid
figure, strong-jawed face, and long cigar
of Winston Churchill there on the bank
of the Rhine—the east bank. The Prime
Minister had come last week to the head-
quarters of Field Marshal Sir Bernard L.
Montgomery for the opening of the great
offensive across the lower Rhine. On Sun-
day he badgered the commanders until
they finally allowed him to cross the river
for a brief visit to the expanding bridge-
head. If ever a gesture underlined the
fact that after five and a half years the
end was near for Germany, it was this
Rhine journey by one of the Fiihrer’s
oldest enemies.

For the German Army in the west had
begun to fall to pieces. In one day, March
24, some 40,000 Germans surrendered.
The Rhine line had been torn asunder.
The American Third Army scored a clean
break-through that pointed _ straight
toward Central Germany; the American
First Army plunged ahead; and_ the
Anglo-American 21st Army Group burst
into the North German plain that leads
straight to Berlin.

Far to the east, before Berlin, a great
Soviet army stood poised for the blow
that would carry it to a meeting with the
Anglo-American armies (the Germans
said the Russian Berlin offensive had al-
ready begun). The Nazis’ last chance was
to retreat into the mountainous central
core of Europe (see page 30). But the
opening of a new Soviet offensive in
Hungary and Slovakia hinted that the
Allies had already taken this into account
and were planning to ¢rack the inner for-
tress before it could be manned.

The Storm Breaks

The plans for storming the Rhine were
probably the best prepared in military
history. Allied experts, with a wealth of
experience behind them, selected the sites
for crossing last year. Schedules made
months in advance sent overwhelming
forces toward the jump-off points .as the

zero hour approached. The divisions
which were to carry the assaults were
battle-tested and fresh.

From the Ninth Army front, John Ter-
rell, NEWSWEEK war correspondent, wire-
lessed: “Night and day along every road
rolled tanks, guns, and endless truck con-
voys carrying every conceivable weapon
of destruction. In one area I saw ammuni-
tion piled head-high for nearly 20 miles
on each side of the highway. All civilians
had been evacuated from the Ninth Army
sector. Every farm was an arsenal; every
meadow and woodland concealed equip-
ment and troops. You could drive all day
but you could not escape the menacin
sea of men and weapons pushing towar
the left bank of the river.”

With the stage thus set, the date of the
attack was step up 24 hours—to the
night of March 23. The three ground ar-
mies—the British Second, the Canadian
First, and the American Ninth—moved
into high gear. Military policemen worked

April 2, 1945

long hours directing traffic, and many of-
ficers were pressed into service for traf-
fic duty. Behind the greatest smokescreen
ever used in warfare—it stretched 66
miles from Nijmegen to Diisseldorf—
strange Allied equipment rolled toward
the Rhine—cranes, trucks carrying assault
boats, and tank retrievers bearing United
States Navy LCM’s and LCVP’s. Wreck-
ing crews tore down corner houses to
give the vehicles leeway for passage.
Across the Rhine the Germans were sof-
tened up by planes and artillery.

For a week preceding the assault the
Allied air forces had_ brilliant spring
weather. From their bases in Britain,
heavy bombers hammered the cities of
the Ruhr day and night. Mediums and
fighters hit transport and gun emplace-
ments. The daily sorties averaged 4,000,
mounted to 8,000 and then, on March 24,
reached the enormous total of 12,000—
1,000 more than on D Day last June.
All the heavy bombers of the American
Eighth Air Force shifted from strategic .
bombing to support of ground troops for
the final phase. The Luftwaffe was im-
mobilized; only a few planes dared to
come up and tangle with the Allied fleets.

The Assault: The great attack was
now ready to surge forward. Hour by
hour the immense machinery of assault
swung into action:

Late afternoon. From the fields and for-

Associated Press Radiophoto from Signal Corps

The victors cross the Rhine: Churchill, Montgomery (beret), and Simpson (three stars)

26. FIGHTING FRONTS

ests west of the Rhine, more than 1,100
big guns packed hub to hub sent a bar-
rage of unparalleled proportions hurling
through the smokescreen. Dense smoke
clouds and towering columns of fire
spurted up across the river. The British
Second Army alone shot 100,000 tons of
ammunition.

Nine p.m.—Troops of the 51st Highland
Division, which had started its march to
victory under Montgomery at El Alamein,
led off the procession of the Allied Armies.
Wearing red, brown, and green shoulder
patches—signifying the blood, mud, and
green fields of war—the Scots took their

laces in waiting assault boats and Buffa-
oes, and roared over the Rhine through
the smoke. The fighters in green berets
instead of helmets scrambled up the east
bank and crushed the few Germans they
met with speed and ease.

Ten p.m.—A brigade of black-faced Brit-
ish Commandos whipped over north. of
Wesel, a city of 25,000 on the edge of the
Ruhr. They dug in and waited 1,500
yards from Wesel until a thundering fleet
ot heavy bombers pounded the rubbled
city as the final touch. Then they ran
into the wreckage and rooted out the
Nazis with grenades and bloody bayonets.

One a.m.—The American Ninth’s ar-
tillery bore down on the Germans south
of Wesel and hammered them incessantly
for an hour. Great areas of the Rhine were
still blanketed with smoke.

Two a.m.—Machine guns streaked lines
of tracer bullets through the dense black-
ness to serve as guide channels across the
river. Working parties heaved the small
boats into the water while cranes handled
the heavy naval landing craft. The Amer-
ican 80th and 79th Divisions jumped

NEWsWeEg

aboard. The Rhine was crossed in a mim
ute flat. They landed near the confluence
of the Rhine and the Lippe.
Three-a.m.—The 15th Scottish division
hopped over near Xanten, midway be-
tween Rees and Wesel. The Westera
Front had moved across the Rhine.

Bridges to a Bridgehead: Initial re-
sistance, consisting mainly of rifle and
machine-gun fire, was surprisingly light.
Prisoners seemed numbed by the weight
of explosives which had come down on
them. The Allies, out to crack the crust

_ of the German defenses quickly, left

silent pillboxes for mop-up squads and
fanned out on their bridgeheads, scooping
up many small towns on the way.

Even before daybreak spearheads shut
out to join up with forces in other landing
areas. Except for Rees, where the fighting

WAR TIDES

”~

Why Montgomery Struck Where He Did

by Maj. Gen. J. F.C. FULLER, C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O., British Army, Ret.

London (by wire-
less)—On March
15, 1818, Napo-
leon wrote as fol-
lows to his step-
son Eugéne:
“Nothing is more
dangerous than
seriously to at-
tempt to defend
a river by held-
ing the bank op-
posed to the ene-
my; because directly he forces a
crossing, as he always succeeds in do-
ing, he finds his adversary extended in
thin defensive order and therefore in-
capable of concentrating his forces.”

Though this holds good whether an
army is mechanized or not, today the
advantage is more than ever on the side
of the attacker and mounts in propor-
tion as he is superior to the defender in
weapon power and means of transport

’ —that is, in power to delay the de-

fenders’ concentrations by attacking his
communications, and in power to effect
his own by concentrating rapidly against
the points he has selected to cross.
The first requisite in a river crossing,
therefore, is air power in the form of
long-range artillery, and the second, air
power as long-range transport. Given a
superiority in these two requisites, a
river crossing is a far simpler problem
than it was in Napoleon’s day. Never-
theless his advice to Eugéne still holds.
For a long time now these two requi-

| sites: have favored the Allied powers.

Therefore the Germans have been fully
aware that the Rhine could be crossed
in force at any point their enemy chose
to select. And where that point would
be cannot have been in doubt; for not
only did the preparatory air bombard-
ment point to the area between Em-
merich and Duisburg, but the great
smoke barrage which for weeks cov-
ered Field Marshal Montgomery’s front
was unlikely to be a feint.

There was another factor which
made it all but certain that the blow
would fall in this area. It was Montgom-
ery’s superiority in armor, and for the full
development of armored striking power
four things are required: (1) open
country; (2) few river obstacles; (3)
few large cities; and (4) good roads.
The last mentioned are essential for the
rapid advance of motorized troops and
supplies to maintain and sustain the
armored forces.

A glance at the map will show that
no better crossing area could be dis-
covered than that about Wesel. First,
the country east of the city is mostly
flat, open field land, though in places
thickly wooded, Second, there are no
lateral rivers to cross until the Ems and
the Werse are reached at Miinster, and
then these rivers are of no great size.
Third, Wesel is a great road center, and,
fourth, the great built-up area of the
Ruhr, so unsuited for armored attack, is
avoided.

Mont ’s immediate objective is

gomery
clearly to deepen his bridgeheads and

cross in force. His ultimate objective is,
of course, his secret. It may be to move
directly on Minster, which lies some 50
miles northeast of Wesel, Or again it
may be, when once well established on
the right bank of the Rhine, to wheel
southward and envelop the northern
flank of the Ruhr.

Should it be the latter—which if force
is sufficient does not preclude the for-
mer being simultaneously carried out—
then thé extensive bridgehead now es-
tablished by the American First Army
south of Bonn will prove of the utmost
value. Because while Montgomery en-
velops from the north, General Hodges,
by pushing northward, is well placed to
do the same from the south. In fact,
their activities will be reciprocal, the
one assisting the other, the two com-
bined leading not only to pinching out
the Ruhr, but to the occupation of the
whole right bank of the Rhine from
north of -Wesel to Coblenz.

' That the Germans will fight with
their traditional stubbornness must be
accepted, but what they will do once
the Ruhr is lost is hard to say. Now it is
no longer an industrial area, but a vast
rubble fortress, the holding of which is
vital if their enemy is to be delayed.

Will Montgomery’s armor, by encir-
cling it, force the Germans to abandon
it? If so, will its loss compel them to take
to the highlands in the south, and if so,
how far can Generals Hodges and Pat-
ton prevent this? These are questions
that the next few days should answer.

Aprit 2, 1945

RY A SARE PAS OTE EE ITS

FIGHTING FRONTS 27

The Shattered Rhine and the Shattered Armies

<
pe” WPI

aT WS et. i>

Newsweek—Stone

The Anglo-American 21st Army Group smashed over the Rhine, joined with airborne troops, and started toward the Russians . . .

was hard and bitter, the Germans were
unable to give effective resistance. Then
troops of the Allied First Airborne Army
floated down from the sky. Although a
juncture of the air and ground troops had
not been expected for two or three days,
some of them met within six hours.

Pontoons, Treadways, Baileys: The
American Ninth Army, the 80th Division
on the northern flank and the 79th on the
south, turned up toward Wesel and down
toward Duisburg. German artillery fire,
weak and sporadic at first, strengthened.
The 30th gained 8 miles in the first 30
hours: the 79th bored into a suburb of
Duisburg. The British Commandos joined
the Americans near Wesel and the bridge-
head extended 15 miles long and*several
decp. The British, meeting strong re-
sistance near Rees, established another
15-mile bridgehead to the north.

Engineers strained to build three sorts
of bridges over the Rhine—the heavy
pontoon type, capable of carrying 20 tons
and floating “treadway” and Bailey types,
which can bear up to 40 tons. One bridge
was completed in nine hours. There were
many more. Over them, and on a con-
tinuous ferry system operated by the
Navy, poured thousands of men and thou-

of tons of heavy equipment. In an

Newsweek—DeMoreland

ever-increasing tide the men and ma-
chines moved forward to batter the com-
paratively-sparse forces the Germans
could muster against them. Significantly,
much of the equipment was armored.
The broad Westphalian Plain on which
the Allies came out is one of the best
tank battlefields in Europe.

The Size of the Foe: An estimated
fifteen to twenty Nazi divisions, many
of them, far below their former strength,
were in the assault area to begin: with.
Against these the Allies threw possibly
as many as 80 divisions in the first phase
of the campaign, although few have yet
been identified.

Across the Rhine, now breached at
many places, the Germans are believed
to have seven armies. The enemy's 25th
Army (fairly good) holds the area from
Amhem west; the First Parachute (su-
perb), from Arnhem to Wesel; the Fif-
teenth (fairly good to good), from Wesel
to Cologne; and the Seventh (fairly good
but decimated), reinforced -by elements
of the Fifth Panzer (superb), from Co-

, logne to Coblenz; the Nineteenth (very
r), from Coblenz to south of Frank-
fart; the First (fair), from near Frank-

..- as German Armies broke before the —furt to the Swiss border. Together the
Allies in these three important sectors

seven armies may total 60 divisions.

28 FIGHTING FRONTS

Three NEWSWEEK correspondents cov-
ered the crossing of the Rhine: Al New-
man with the British Second Army; John
Terrell with the 30th Division of the
American Ninth Army; and Bill Downs of
Newsweek and CBS, who flew with the
fighters escorting the airborne troops.
Here are their stories.

Newman: Monty’s Assault
Ran Through a Barrage

It is 10 o'clock at night in the ancient
Rhine town of Xanten, but in the tower-
less, battered church there is no clock
to strike the hour. Tiny pinpricks of light
and phosphorescent buttons mark a tor-
tuous ak through the ruined city. Long
white fingers of light pointing horizon-
tally eastward from the belt of search-
lights 5 miles back of the Rhine zebra-
stripe the heavens. This artificial moon-
light augments a three-quarter moon in
a cloudless sky. It is a soft spring night.

Since 6 p.m. a tremendous bombard-
ment has thundered, blasted, and flashed
in the flat country behind Xanten. In the
marshaling areas around this town, where
nearly 2,000 years ago Roman legion-
naires stood guard against frequent raids
across the river by barbarous German
tribes, the Scots are now collecting for an
assault in the other direction. In other
sections, Buffaloes and Ducks await the
word, for it is the night of March 23—
an historic night for the Empire forces as
well as for the American Ninth Army to
the south.

Hell in a Dream World: By midnight
the whole countryside reeks of cordite,
which mingles with a slight ground fog.
The increasing traffic through Xanten has
so stirred up the fine, powdery dust of
rubble that 1 move in a dream world of

Associated Press
Weapons of Victory: Gliders line an airfield in Britain while naval landing craft moves up through Belgium...

ghastly white moonlight fog, peopled
with Roman ghosts apd wraithlike Scots-
men possessing burrs rough enough to
sharpen a knife on and flat tin helmets
with gardens of camouflage rags atop
them. Finally when sanity seems to totter,
the bombardment slackens at 12:80.

Though the Commandos crossed north
of Wesel at 10 p.m., H Hour for us and
for the Highlanders opposite Rees is 2
a.m. At 1:30 there’s no incoming fire.
Intense litht-caliber covering fire ab-
ruptly begins. Streams of .red tracers
chase each other overhead and the din
is positively inhuman as the heavy stuft
comes awake again.

The deserted moonlit road from there
to the river bloods over redly with the
reflection of each tracer. The Scotties
have done well by it despite the fact that
it is not the main avenue of assault, for
they’ve equipped its shoulders with fox-
holes every 15 yards and the fields be-
side it with slit trenches every 50. Prog-
ress through this hell of flickering death,
replete with sound effects, crashes, whis-
pers, screams, yowls, and whines, is a
jack-in-the-box proposition, for now
somewhere in the pandemonium is the
sharp roar of a big incoming shell.

Two hundred yards ahead lies the river
bank and it begins to take a real pound-
ing from the Germans. The Nazi 105s
star out the white flash of their deadly
shrapnel pattern as they land one after
era ty Then they start to walk back
toward your correspondent, and the earth
of the slit trench feels cool and moist.

Fortunately the shells are just 200
yards too far south, for the line of gi-
gantic dim shapes at that distance on my
left as I face the river marks the final
assembly of infantry-laden Buffaloes. At
precisely 2 a.m. they growl forward and
the modern Scots go into battle with
squealing iron treads replacing skirling
bagpipes.

wee
U. S Navy from Acme

At 2:10, four squat shapes appear on
the water front where the Buffaloes are
crawling down the shallow bank and
then four brilliant searchlights mounted
on tanks blaze out over the water.
Through their glare one cannot see the
waterborne amphibians and neither pre-
sumably can the Boche. They also serve
as guide lines on the confusing river and
illuminate the far bank for assault. The
searchlights draw more fire but inac-
curate fire—most of it around my slit
trench. One shell crashes less than 25
yards away, and an iron rain patters into
the surrounding earth. The shelling is so
close that no scream but rather an in-
stinctive sense warns one of the projec-
tile a second before it hits. For 80 min-
utes it is a definite pindown during which
only fools would leave cover. Yet throu:
it all and for the balance of the night
the line of crawling, snorting behemoths
200 yards to the left keeps moving to the
water like a thirsty herd.

Terrell: The Toughest

and Gentlest Go First

H Hour was 2 a.m., March 24,

Ten hours earlier I reached the ex-
treme left flank of the Ninth Army, tak-
ing refuge in a partially wrecked build-
ing orf the river bank. Artillery batteries
both up and down the river were firing
spasmodically. The late afternoon sun
was brilliant. The river was 1,700 feet of
wide blue water, the banks green with
spring grass and flowers. Occasionally,
as if aggravated by our constant shelling,
a Jerry threw some 88s back. Cai
grazed placidly on a dike as shells from
both sides swished above them. Sudden-
ly there was a loud crack and a cow van-
ished in thin air.

My place of observation was formerly .

a high-class country inn with a beautiful

a ew

0 ee ee

Associated Press

FIGHTING FRONTS 29

Signal Corps from Associated Press

« « e Generators spew out an enormous smokescreen which hid armor until engineers began ferrying it across the Rhine

river terrace. It was named, of all things,

The Watch on the Rhine. I found prewar —

pictures of the place in what was left of
the bar, showing couples dining in the
sunset aad dancing under the stars while
excursion boats passed.

Just Before the Battle: As dusk
settled over the river and the tree-fringed
fields reaching away on either bank, our
artillery fire began to increase. The moon
was bright, and a peculiar, bluish light
outlined the great trees along the lane
leading into the inn and etched in sharp
relief the shattered gables of the main
building and stables. No man would be
invisible on the river this night.

I had been lying on the floor in the
first floor room while Nazi shells landed
in the dooryard, but when they stopped
I went into an immense, cavernous cel-

‘lar opening out toward the dairy barn.
The bellar h

ad suddenly been filled with
assault troops and more were filing in
from the shadow of the hedgerow. Their
cigarettes burned holes in the pitch-
blackness of the cellar. These were the
first American assault wave.

These men believed this was the last
big push of the war. Most of them were
under 25. They wore life preservers and
carried rations, a heavy load of ammuni-
tion, grenades, a rifle, wire cutters, and
long knives. They were both the toughest
and the gentlest men I ever met. As the
minutes ticked off their voices became
even quieter, but the language more and
more vicious and filthy. Oaths and foul
names were snarled in the darkness.

uspecting our location, a Nazi tank-

began moving into position - the
tiver bank. Assault troops had brought up
both storm and assault boats to a jump-

off place just behind a 10-foot dike along
the west of the river. Now they be-
gan to drag them out.

The men took up the boats and moved
off silently toward the river, looking like
gigantic, shadowy centipedes carved out
of moonlight. They vanished into the
bluish mist and more came to take their
places, then went silently off like dark
ghosts into the frightful, roaring night.

‘We Have Landed’: There is no way
to describe the noise of the artillery bar-
rage which opened at 1 o'clock. The
earth shook and the sky roared and
belched.

At H Hour minus three minutes I
crawled to the edge of the building be-
side a walkie-talkie. Then suddenly a
voice came out. It was a first lieutenant
in the first storm boat. They had started
across. Just a few seconds less than five
minutes later a voice came again saying:
“We have landed and are organizing.”

No longer was the Rhine a barrier.

Downs: Some Paratroops

Walked to Death on Flak

It was the kind of spring day when
most of the guys would have liked to do
some plowing, or play tennis, or go fish-
ing. A German wren sat in a German
tree and sang the same ee Sug could
hear in the States. Overhead there seemed

When we got over the bridgehead we
went down to a thousand feet. On the
west bank of the Rhine there was yellow
smoke—this to guide the airborne army
due in a few minutes,

We dropped down to within a few -
hundred feet and flew down the Rhine.
In the water below were scores of barges.
Some special seagoing tanks could be
seen ae oe way catercornered
across the Rhine against the current. Oc-
casionally there was the puff of an enemy
artillery shell.

The Geese Fly East: Then we saw
them—hundreds of planes flying like a
flock of geese trying a new formation.
The men dropped from only 600 feet,
but it seemed an eternity that they were
in the air.

The Germans were waiting. Light ‘and
heavy flak began bursting among these
hundreds of parachutes. Big black
smudges nudged and buffeted the pard-
chutes. Light flak burst with a whitish in-
tensity all around. De Graffenreid said:
“It’s so thick you could walk on it.”

That’s exactly what the first waves of
paratroopers did—walk on it. Casualties
must have been heavy.

The parachutes continued to come. We
saw two men whose parachutes got tan-
gled. Tommy muttered to himself over
the intercom: “Break it up, break it up,
please break it up.” But they never got
untangled, and fell to the ground with
what appeared to be the gentleness of
leaves. But even from there we could tell
they were dead.

Any German flak man who had hunted
ducks must have been struck with the
similarity of the shooting in this airborne
en to that in some Bavarian duck

Yet the men of the troo carrier com- -
mand flew in without deviation. from

their formations.

80 FIGHTING FRONTS ,

NEWSWEEK

Germans Gather Men, Forge Weapons
for Last Stand in Heart of Europe

The Allied crossings of the Rhine made
it as mathematically certain as anything
is in war that in a matter of weeks the
Anglo-American forces and the Red Army
would meet somewhere in Northern Ger-
many. That will mark the end of the great
campaigns of the war. But it will prob-
ably not mean the conclusion of the strug-
gle against Germany. For week by week
it has become more likely that the Nazis
will be able to carry out their plan for
making a last-ditch stand in the south.
The Allies cannot stop them and appar-
ently there is no power in Germany that
can do so.

Last week, even in the flush of Al-
lied victory, this _ prospect was strength-
ened by developments:

@ Field Marshal Albert Kesselring was
appointed German commander on the

The Inner - Core) >

NORTH SEA

western front in place of Field Marshal
Karl von Rundstedt. Kesselring generally
gets the credit for the extraordinarily
skillful defense the Nazis put up in Italy.
It would be logical if he were given the
job of pulling the remains of the Wehr-
macht in the west back into mountain-
ous Southern Germany where conditions
would approximate those in Italy.

@ Front reports said that SS divisions,
the toughest, best-equipped Nazi troops,
were being withdrawn from the fighting
lines and presumably transferred to the
southern fastnesses. Famous SS_ units
such as the Feldherrnhalle and Gross-
deutschland divisions, which are often
cited for bravery and praised in dis-
patches, have not been mentioned by the
Nazis at all for some time.

@ The Russians last week opened a large-

iy
. BALTIC SEA |

Newsweek—Stone

It would take a major campaign to dislodge the Nazis from this heartland

scale offensive in Hungary that rolled
forward more than 40 miles in the first
phase. Such an offensive could be de-
signed to break into the German last-
stand citadel before the Nazi troops had
taken up final positions there. However,
the Wehrmacht has previously fought
with great tenacity on this front and in
order to be decisive the Red drive would
have to reach Vienna. General Patton's
break across the Rhine also indirectly
threatened the southern German part of
the Nazi inner fortress.

It’s a Big Fortress: The term “last
stand” as applied to the German plan,
however, has created a dangerous public
misapprehension as to what the Allied
armies may actually face when they try
to root the. Germans out. The opula:
conception is that a few fanatical N Nazis
will hole up in the mountains around
Hitler’s headquarters at Berchtesgade.
and wage a glorified guerrilla war. Ther
is plenty of evidence that the Nazis ck
intend some such real “last stand.” Vast
stores of food, arms, and supplies have
been poured into this Austrian-Bavarian
mountain region and strong fortifications
have been constructed. Berchtesgaden it-
self has been made into a maze of strong
points, many of them underground.

But the next stage of the Germans
plan, judging by their troop dispositions
and the tenacity of their defense, is a
far more ambitious one—the conversion
of the very center of Europe into a sort
of vast inner core, where large armics
can be deployed, fed, and supplied.

The borders of this inner core in the
east and south are set by the present bat-
tle lines. In Czecho-Slovakia, the Wehr-
macht has been putting up a stubborn—
and on the whole successful—fight along
the Riesen Mountains and in the Little
Carpathians. Until the present Soviet of-
fensive in Hungary, the Germans were
actually often on the offensive there. In
Yugoslavia, they have been conducting a
skillful retreat into difficult mountain posi-
tions. In Italy, the battle line has been
stalemated for months and the seemingly
puzzling willingness of the Germans to
maintain 25 good divisions on this front
can be explained only by a plan to in-

clude Northern Italy in the central de-

fense area.

On the north, the Nazis probably plan
to fall back on a defense line stretching
across Central Germany and based on
the Main River, the Thuringian Forest,
and the Erz Mountains. This line, how-
ever—already breached by General Pat-
ton’s drive—may be withdrawn consider-
ably further south to take advantage of
the Bavarian mountains. In the west
the valley of the upper Rhine and the
Black Forest provide first-rate natural
obstacles.

Thus the inner core may include most
of Czecho-Slovakia, all of Austria, part
of Hungary and Yugoslavia, Northern
Italy, and Bavaria, Baden, and Wiirttem-

Aprit 2, 1945

| berg in Southern Germany. The popula-

tion is about 50,000,000. Taken as a

whole the region is self-sufficient in food. :

It Has Resources: This inner fortress
does not have the resources in materials
or industries to support large mechanized
armies. But with nearly all the approaches

arded by mountains, mechanized war-
re will be at a minimum and the region
can maintain large armies on a non-
mechanized basis.

It has fair supplies of the basic indus-
trial raw materials, coal, iron and oil. The
greatest part of the coal comes from
Czecho-Slovakia, which had a prewar out-
put of nearly 35,000,000 tons a year.
Austria produced 3,500,000 tons annual-
ly before the war while Bavaria also
mined a fair amount. Production in all:
these fields may have been substantially
increased since the war. e

The greatest resources in iron are in
Austria, which produced 1,800,000 tons
in 1987. However, the Nazis carried out
a vast expansion of Austrian production
starting when the famous Hermann Gér-
ing combine began to exploit the low-
grade deposits around Linz and made
them yield 1,000,000 tons a year. South-
ern Germany also produces some iron
and deposits at Beroun in Czecho-Slo-
vakia are supposed to turn out 500,000
tons a year. Northern Italy produced
1,000,000 tons of steel a year but must
import nearly all its iron ore and coal.

By great luck the Germans in 1934 de-
veloped a natural oilfield known as the
Vienna basin at Zistersdorf, northeast of
Vienna. Production may now amount to
2,000,000 tons a year. There are five

_Tefineries in the Vienna district and a

huge synthetic-oil plant at Briix, north-
west of Prague. “a

Thus the Nazis have considerable basic
resources. They also have the factories
to produce most of the munitions of war.
The largest is the mile-square Skoda
works at Pilsen in Czecho-Slovakia, which
employed $8,000 before the war and has
always been world-famous as a producer
of heavy artillery. (The Goring combine
took over Skoda as well as the Skoda fac-
tory at Briinn, where the. Bren machine
gun was originated).* At Moravska Os-
trava, the Germans have plants that pro-
duce some of the finest steel in the world.
The Nazis have moved many industries
from bombed areas to Czecho-Slovakia
and put some of them underground.
Czech industries have increased their out-
put and new ones, such as synthetic rub-
ber, have been established. Many Ger-
man nationals have also moved into
Czecho-Slovakia—Prague is supposed to
be jammed with 1,000,000 Nazi refugees.

Southern Germany is a center for light-
arms production, dispersed even in
houses, churches, and schools. However,
Munich and Augsburg are centers of
munitions and engine production; the
Messerschmitt company has its head-
quarters in Au . Vienna has an

Kaputt: German vidlliens: all hope of victory gone, line up meekly before mili-
tary government headquarters in Godesberg to surrender their weapons—including
medieval antiques and dueling swords—to the Americans.

FIGHTING FRONTS 31

Acme

out locomotives, engines, and electrical
goods. A vast Messerschmitt aircraft
plant is located at nearby Wiener-Neu-
stadt. Northern Italy. has always . con-
tained the bulk of the peninsula’s indus-
try, including the Fiat motor works at
Turin, the Caproni and Breda plane plants
at Milan, and the arms and steel plants
of Genoa.

How Big an Army? In their inner
fortress the Nazis may be able to concen-
trate an army that will be large by any
standards. There are the 25 divisions in
Italy, plus the 30 to 40 fighting in Hun-
gary and Slovakia. As many as fifteen SS
divisions are still in good shape and may
augment the fortress troops and at least
that number of regular Wehrmacht divi-
sions should be saved from the debacle in
Northern Germany. That would make a
total of about 100 divisions—and another
major campaign for the Allies at a time
when the war should be over.

The Patton Rampage

The walkie-talkie radio at the busy
command post buzzed to life: “Blank
company across. No fire received at all.
Everything quiet.” At 10:25 on March
22, the first troops of Lt. Gen. George S.

Patton Jr.'s American Third Army had -

crossed the silent Rhine.

The Outfoxer: Back of the crowded
jumping-off point, long lines of toiling
trucks cluttered the hilly roads leading to
the broad river. Amphibious Ducks and

hundreds of light, plywood assault boats,
many built in America less than a month
ago and flown to Europe, swarmed on the
water. Bars of gleaming moonlight min-
gled with weird reflections from a blaz-
ing ammunition dump nearby.

As on so many other occasions, Patton
had outfoxed the Nazis. For twenty min-
utes they didn’t fire a shot. Then they
opened up with a few burp guns and
finally sent up four orange flares. That
was the signal for small-arms and ma-
chine-gun fire. Two hours after the land-'
ing, mortars and antitank guns came into
action, but American heavy artillery
drowned them out.

Edward D. Ball of the Associated
Press, the only war correspondent to wit-
ness and take part in the crossing, wrote
his verdict: “The operation, planned and
rehearsed for months, went off more
smoothly than anyone could have hoped
. . . Patton’s men moved like lightning.
. .. | saw the Americans who went in on
‘Omaha Beach’ in Normandy last June 6
and I went across the Rhine with them
last night. The spirit was identical, and
so was the overwhelming superiority in
men and equipment.” The truth was that
Patton had hauled great amounts of am-
phibious equipment with his divisions,
hiding them by day and hoping for just
such an opportunity.

Patton’s forces crossed between two
points they had just captured: the big
cathedral town of Mainz and the chemi-
cal center of Ludwigshafen. The Germans
said the first crossing was at Oppenheim,
site of what they called a “military

82 FIGHTING FRONTS

bridge.” Their Kampfschwim-
mer, or “battle swimmers”—rub-
ber-suited soldiers wearing oxy-
gen masks and webbed flippers
on their feet—had swum out to |
—_ torpeddes which heavily

amaged the bridge. But in two
days, Patton’s bridgehead was
12 miles wide and 9 miles deep,
and the Fourth Armored Divi-
sion, the speed demon of the
Third Army, raced through un-
defended ws to capture
a bridge over the Main River,
drive past Frankfurt and on to
Wiirzburg well into Bavaria. It
looked like a clean break-through
that might imperil all Centril
Germany.

Men From the Sky

Forty thousand men were in
the sky over the Rhine on March
24. They were soldiers of the
Airborne Divisions—the British
Sixth and American Seventeenth
were immediately identified—rid-
ing into battle in 1,500 troop-
carrying planes and gliders, in a
majestic procession that streamed
eastward across Belgium for 500
sky miles.

They came from bases in Eng-
land and south of Paris, after
days of security confinement in
camp—paratroopers in C-47s and
C-46s carrying 18 and 86 men
apiece, infantry in Waco and
Horsa gliders towed in pairs by
American C-47s and British
Stirling bombers. Equipment
jammed the gliders—9-ton Lo- .
cust tanks, British 6-pounder
guns, jeeps, artillery and auto-
matic weapons, ammunition and
supplies.

Two and four abreast, the air

Red Seamepedt: The Russians brought
shaggy came

Sovfotos
these
all the way from Stalingrad deep into
Germany. In some Russian units there is a place for
them. The original Soviet caption credits them and
their tommygun-armed attendant with coming to the
rescue of soldiers on more than one occasion.

Newsweek, Apnit 2, 1945

The Ninth Army Navy

It was a strange place for a
sailor—on the low, muddy banks
of the Rhine 250 miles from
ocean water. But when the
American Third and Ninth Ar-
mies struck across the river last
week, they were ferried over by
khaki-clad men of the United
States Navy. Under cover of ar-
tillery, the sailors shoved heavy
landing craft into the muddy
Rhine, then bored through the
stiff current—a newly learned
technique for the veterans of
ocean beachheads—to make pin-
point landings on the cast
shore.

For the operation the Army
had specially selected big 26-
ton LCM’s (landing craft, mech-
anized) which could carry heavy
Sherman tanks, as well as 9-ton
LCVP’s (landing craft, vehi-
cles, personnel) and amphibious
trucks and tractors. Many had
been hauled over shell-pocked
roads and narrow village streets
for 300 miles to the launching
sites.

Camouflage in Khaki: Prep-
arations for the unique landing
began last October when Navy
volunteers were secretly assem-
bled in England, then moved to
Belgium and France for intensive
training with the Army. Every
precaution was taken to hide
their presence behind American
lines. They were ordered to
change Navy blues for GI uni- |
forms and helmets and were for-
bidden to leave Navy insignia on
their equipment. Instead of the
usual amenities of Navy life—
showers and movies and regular

—

trains soared over in brilliant
sunlight, escorted by hovering fighters
that darted earthward when flak sputtered
from German ground guns to rake the
landing points with fire. The DZ (Drop
Zones) stretched eastward from the
Rhine, north of the Ruhr, and faced the
river bridgeheads that already had been
seized by assault troops of the 21st Army
Group.

An Army Lands; Over the flat, gray-
green farmlands which were half-con-
cealed by smoke haze and flak, the doors
of the troop carriers swung open at 600
feet and the paratroopers flipped out,
each in less than a second. The tow
planes released their gliders and, with-
out waiting to see them land, banked
sharply and turned back across the Rhine.
Multicolored parachutes fluttered to the
earth; gliders bumped to a stop in clear-

ings.

Ugly flak bifrsts spattered the men and
the plywood and canvas aircraft as they
descended, and caught some of them in

mid-air. Then 240 Liberator bombers
came over at treetop level and dropped
1,600 tons of food, medicine, and fight-
ing equipment to the airborne troops—
at a cost of twenty of the heavy planes.

On the ground, tanks, jeeps, and guns
erupted from thé noses of gliders. Para-
troopers and glider-bormne soldiers clus-
tered in groups under the fire of German
snipers. Joining squad by squad, they col-
lected in fighting units and spread out
behind the Nazi lines, along roads and
river, over dominating heights. Their
mission was to disrupt German rear com-
munications; on the first day they cap-
tured six bridges over the Ijssel River
north of Wesel.

Reversing the Allied airborne tactics

. used in Normandy and at Arnhem, Hol-

land, the sky troops had come in after the
ground troops began their cross-river at-
tack. They were dropped closer to the
front line to contain briefly the German
rear, then make a quick juncture with the
ground forces.

meals—the sailors ate Army chow
and plowed through the mud like the
doughboys who worked beside them.
Ninth Army troops promptly dubbed
them the “Ninth Army Navy.” Those

working with Lt. Gen. George S. Patton

Jr.’s Third Army became members of the
“U.S.S. Blood and Guts.” As for the sail-
ors, one of their skippers, Lt. Comdr.
Willard R. Patrick, put it this way:
“They've learned that Army living is
damned uncomfortable, and they’ve got-
ten an inkling—just an inkling—of what
the ae are going through up for-
ward.

All the Blood Is Red

“We are all in this thing together now,
white and Negro Americans in the same
companies,” said Leroy W. Camp, a pri-
vate first class from Atlantic City, N. J.
“That’s the way it should be.”

To Camp and some 2,500 other Negro
labor troops had come the opportunity
they longed for: to fight against the

How to “ring the bell” as a host

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NewsweEEK, Aprit 2, 1945

Germans, instead of washing shirts, re-

pairing roads, or unloading railroad cars.
One Negro division, the 92nd, had an
unsuccessful record in Italy (NEWSWEEK,
Feb. 26; March 26). Now, the Army
newspaper Stars and Stripes reported
last week, platoons of Negro volunteers
and white soldiers had been grouped
together for the first time in the American
First and Seventh Armies on the west-
ern front.

This mixed-unit experiment started
Dec. 26, when Lt. Gen. John C. H. Lee,
commanding general of the communica-
tions zone in the European theater, asked
his Negro service troops to volunteer as
fighters. More responded than the Army
could use immediately. Of 260 men in a
laundry company, 100 wanted to fight;
officers accepted 36. Of 186 engineers,
171 volunteered, and four first sergeants
dropped back to privates in order to
qualify. :

Early reports of the new infantrymen
were good. They helped take Diiren and
crossed the Rhine with the First Army
to fight on the Remagen bridgehead.
“We've been giving a lot of sweat,”
Camp said. “Now I think we'll mix some

blood with it.”
Now the Ryukyus

Navy Prepared for Toughest Show
by Hammering the Japanese Fleet

Another shattering blow against an-
other bastion of the Mikado’s empire be-
gan last week, according to the Japanese.
Tokyo announced that American troops
had _ started landing operations in the
Ryukyus, the chain of guardian islands
that stretch for 570 miles between the
Jap homeland and Formosa (see map).
The Japanese indicated that the first land-
ings were on a small scale on two minor
islands—tiny Aka Shima and 5-mile-long
Tokashiki. Both are ridged with limestone
hillocks which slope down to green, fer-
tile fields on the western coasts. But the
support for the landings—again according
to Tokyo—came from fifteen aircraft car-
riers, eleven battleships, and ten cruisers.

Inside the Inland Sea: This sounded
like Admiral Raymond Spruance’s Fifth
Fleet and Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitsch-
ers renowned carrier task force. The
Navy officially admitted that its ships
were on the loose in the Ryukyus when
it announced that_an entire convoy in the
area had been destroyed and the islands
_themselves attacked by planes and ‘sub-
jected to surface ship bombardment.

Conquest of the Ryukyus would be the
biggest and toughest show undertaken
by the Navy in the Pacific. These islands
are part of Japan proper and are heav-
ily populated. Okinawa Jima, the larg-
est-60 miles lung and 10 miles wide
-has a population of 440,000, while a
total of some 800,000 inhabit the Ryu-
kyus. Furthermore, Okinawa is a nerve

center for Japanese defenses and Amami
O is the site of important naval installa-
tions.

However, the naval striking force and
the planes that might have defended the
Ryukyus had been wrecked a few days
previously as they roosted in the sup-
posedly safe Inland Sea, sheltered by
Shikoku, Kyushu, and Honshu Islands.

On March 18, some 1,400 Hellcats,
Corsairs, Avengers, and Helldiver dive
bombers had taken off in the pre-dawn
darkness to pound Jap airdromes, fac-
tories, and training and supply centers
on Kyushu. Then, in the most spectacu-
lar strike of all, Admiral Mitscher sent
the pilots of his Task Force 58 after the
Jap Fleet. White-sailed junks scurried out

FIGHTING FRONTS 35

the Indian Ocean port are stronger than

previously expected.

On March 20 Mandalay fell. Four
frightened Burmese waving white flags
ran to the British lines to report that dur-
ing the night the Japs had slipped out of
their last stronghold, massive Fort Duf-
ferin, after setting fire to the exotic red-
lacquered palace of Burma's ancient
kings within its walls. Then Lt. Gen. Sir
William J. Slim, commander of the British
Fourteenth Army, officially raised the
Union Jack over the charred and bat-
tered city.

_ By the Old Pagoda: The sudden, al-
most anticlimactic fall of Mandalay had
beeri preceded by twelve bloody days of

<= 209

——
Newsweek—DeMoreland

And now the Ryukyus: The Japs told of an American invasion

of the way as the American planes roared
in over the pine-fringed coast and across
the Inland Sea.

The official tally showed that in tour
action-packed days the Japs had lost sev-
enteen warships sunk or damaged, includ-
ing a 45,000-ton battleship of the Yamato
class, three heavy aircraft carriers, two
light carriers, two escort carriers, one
heavy cruiser, and four destroyers. Scores
of merchant ships were hit. And im a
staggering blow 731 Jap planes were de-
stroyed. One American warship was seri-
ously damaged but none was sunk, and
plane losses were light.

Burma: Back-Tracking

The Allied campaign in Burma last
week developed into a brisk dash against
time. The monsoon was only five weeks
away and fast-moving Allied forces drove
hard to break the back of Jap resistance
and reach Rangoon before the rains came
—although the enemy forces defending

fighting, during- which Punjabis, Gur-
khas, and Sikhs of the Nineteenth (Dag-
ger) Division had slowly dug the Japs out
of the rubble of modern buildings and
gilded Buddhist shrines. From this in-
congruous battlefield, Harold Isaacs,
NEWSWEEK war correspondent, cabled
the following gruesome incident:
“Behind a pagoda crouched wary, un-
shaven British soldiers: who during the

night had helped to clear the last Jap po-
ucky |

sitions on Mandalay Hill. ‘I been

so far,’ said one, ‘ain’t inviting trouble
now. They spoke of the weird night they
had spent covering with Bren guns the
tunnel under the temple in which the
Japanese were hidden. ‘We sat there on
each side of the ridge,’ said a young Tom-
my; his eyes were bright with fatigue and
tension. ‘Couldn’t make it out. Thought
we heard women’s voices. Then two Japs
came to the edge and jumped. We gavee
it to them, but they were dead from the
fall on the rocks, I think, not from our
firing. They couldn’t come out and we

86 FIGHTING FRONTS

Newsweek, Aprit 2, 1945

WAR TIDES

Tt took 60,000
Marines to over-
come 20,000 Japs
on Iwo Jima—a
ration of three for
the offense against
one for the de-
fense. These are
about normal ex-
pectations when
the opposition is
very tough. Cas-
ualties were ap-
proximately the same—20,000 for each
side (although three-quarters of the
American losses were wounded while
the Jos were nearly all killed).

ere has been a certain amount of
public criticism over this expenditure
of manpower to acquire a small, God-
forsaken island, useless to the Army as
a staging base and useless to the Navy
as a fleet base. The public wants to
know if the occupation of Iwo Jima
was a military necessity and wonders if
the same sort of air base could not have
been reached by acquiring other stra-
tegic localities at a lower cost.

We are more or less familiar with
land and naval strategy, but that of air
power, the newcomer—one of the most,
if not the most potent factor in deter-
mining the final issue of war—is still
hazy, and probably not understood ex-
cept by the thoroughly qualified air
expert. '

To illustrate one difference be-
tween air and sea strategy or even land
strategy, assume two battle fronts, the
sea and the air fronts. In both land and
sea warfare, one objective is to outflank

What Makes Iwo Jima Worth the Price

by Admiral WILLIAM V. PRATT, U.S.N., Ret.

the enemy, overwhelm him, and then
advance along what may be termed
the groove, overcoming each obstacle
in turn as it is encountered.

In air warfare, the- only air con-
tingent which possesses base mobility
is the sea contingent. Land-based air-
craft must operate from a fixed base,
and to operate most efficiently it seems
obvious that it should aim to obtain
positions where, from base to the air
attack front, it can get the best spread
and thus enhance the element of sur-
prise, attack major objectives simul-
taneously, avoid enemy air reconnais-
sance, beat down enemy air resistance,
and in general im upon the enemy
the maximum of confusion and de-
struction.

To sustain this argument turn to the
air war in Western Europe. From bases
in England to a front extending ap-
proximately 400 miles from Hamburg
to the Swiss border, the air spread is
roughly 60 degrees. The results of the
strategy on that front speak for them-
selves.

Now turn to the Pacific. The present
enemy front in the home islands most
were to punishing air attacks
stretches from Tokyo to Kyushu, ap-
proximately 540 miles. The distribution
of the land masses in this general sea
area in relation to the attack front is a
peculiar one. Only the Marianas are lo-
cated in a position approximately fac-
ing the front on the Pacific side.

Only in the Vladivostok area is there
a position on the northern side of the
Japan Sea comparable to the location
of the Marianas. From Vladivostok the
spread to the attack front is 50 degrees

and the et distances roughly 600
miles. Both the Ryukyus and the Kuriles
lie on the flanks of the main home is-
lands, whose configuration is such that
target distances are unequal, subject to
enemy observation during the entire
attack run, with a narrow frontal pres-
entation of about 12 degrees.

launched from the Marianas would ne-
cessitate a different tactical procedure
involving the expenditure of extra air
miles over that of the straightaway at-
tack, and is premised’on the supposition
that the Japs can still put up a strong
air and anti-aircraft resistance on the
main islands. From Saipan to the Tokyo-
Kyushu front the spread is 25 degrees,
and except for objectives in Northern
Kyushu, the target distances to other
major objectives are about equal.

stood in this sp area, a large, an-
chored ai

be captured except by boarding. It was
a constant threat to air operations based
on the Marianas and to fleet and con-

voy

cific . Its capture obviates the
necessity of movin oe the Bonins,
gives those planes which can use its air-
strips a 50-degree

attack front and target distances about
700 milés. It assures the use of Maug,
a 1%-mile enclosed sea area, crater of
an extinct volcano lying half way be-
tween Guam and Iwo, as a fair base for
seaplanes,. useful for long-range recon-
naissance or to assist lant been planes
if they are forced to make a landing on

the sea.

To get the same effect as attacks

Iwo Jima, a 'Jap-built Gibraltar,
aircraft carrier which could not

rations moving north from Pa-

spread to the enemy

didn’t dare go down. One Sikh looked
over the edge and got his head blown
off.’

The Great Gawd Budd: “What the
Sikhs did finally was to swing a number
of gasoline-filled 5-gallon tins into the
tunnel, throwing incendiary grenades *\
afterward. On the blackened floor, hud-
dled up against the walls, stretched on
their backs, curled on their stomachs, or
drawn up like shriveled insects, were the
bodies of thirteen Japanese. Two British
soldiers were poking among the corpses.
‘Anything worth while in here?’ shouted

, another from the tunnel entrance. “Any
,pistols or rifles?”

“Twenty feet beyond was the pagoda’s
main altar—a tall, ugly, phony, bejeweled
platform with a staring, empty-faced
Buddha behind an iron grill. Next to the

altar was what had been the chief priest’s
quarters, strewn with old books and pa-
pers; in the center of the floor, unbeliev-
ably incongruous, stood a Singer sewing
machine. Along the walk between the
buildings a young Tommy was scrapin
shallow graves out of rocky dirt. He ha
already buried two men; a third awaited
his turn under his blanket. ‘They got it
yesterday, the sweating soldier said.”

So Sorry, Hirohito

The word “snafu” probably was not
part of the vocabulary of the Jap com-
mander on Iwo Jima, Lt. Gen. Tada-
michi Kuribayashi. But it was plain even
to the plump little. general “with the
partly protruding belly”—as the Japs de-
scribed him—that the end on Iwo Jima
had come. “Not a grain of rice or a drop

of water remained . . . and all the am-

munition was gone,” reported Domei, the
Jap news agency.

So on March 17, Kuribayashi girded on
his Samurai sword and prepared his
troops for a “fierce, all-out” suicide at-
tack. Then the general wrote a note of
explanation to the emperor. Last week,
Domei revealed its text—an offer of “most
profound apologies . . . for being forced
to yield this strategic poi enemy
hands,” plus a mo dirge “respect-
fully submitted for his majesty’s consider-
ation” that ran:

“We regret we must go,” a
aving our supreme
For the defense of our fatherland.”

‘ah inn to bapa es bie
“I will tum into a spirit” to revive
the imperial army.

j
4

tea day

“Si

v
“a

CU Fee Rammer
‘

ag’

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As often as once a minute, “Long

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88 FIGHTING FRONTS

Newsweek, Apri 2, 1945

How the Curfew Looks to the Men Who Do the Fighting

What do the armed forces abroad think of the midnight
curfew in their United States? Because, to War
Mobilization Director Byrnes (see page 44), it was put into
effect partly as a morale booster for the fighting men, NEws-
WEEK asked its war all over the world to
interview typical soldiers and sailors and ask their opinion.
’ Despite the necessarily hit-and-miss nature of the inter-
views, the reactions were fairly conclusive.. The most gen-
eral was: “Who the hell cares?” The closer the men were to

the actual fighting the less they cared. The next most im-
reaction was a desire to return to a United States just
as it had been in peacetime. Wides, resentment was ex-
pressed that men on furlough should be subjected to the
curfew. The smallest group felt that it might do some
good and make the home front realize that “there's still
@ war on.”
The following are representative opinions culled by six

‘of the NEWSWEEK correspondents participating:

Harold Isaacs (China): Soldiers in
China aren’t crying about the folks at
home staying up until 2 or 3 o’clock..
But those who optimistically believe
themselves due for early rotation are
strictly against the curfew.

“The curfew is all right in its place,
but its place is not in the United States,”
said S/Sgt. William Menhorn of Zanes-
ville, Ohio. T/4 Ray Foreman of Forest,
Ind., was more emphatic: “I think it’s
a lot of hooey and entirely unnecessary.”
T/Sgt Louis Gordon sf Detroit said:
“Fve got a month to gd and when I get
home I want to stay out later than 12—
for about a week anyway. Of course, if
I have to I can probably find my fun in-
doors.” It was also a personal matter
for S/Sgt. Martin Myers of Beaver
Falls, Pa., who told me: “If I get home
on leave I don’t want anybody puttin
me.to bed at 12—well, almost anybody.

John Terrell (Germany): The last-
minute efforts of the home front. seem
superfluous. The resentment the men
feel is against those who circumvent
war measures and remain unpunished.
Pfc. W. W. Ramsey of Aliceville, Ala.,
viewed the curfew with considerable
pessimism. He said: “It won’t do an
good. The mayor of New York has al-
ready set it back and more cities will
fcllow his example. The only way to

close up violators is to fire some howitz-
ers at .” The opinion of Pvt. Dan-
iel Esparza of Imperial, Texas: “If peo-
ple are out to have‘a good time nothing
is going to stop them.

Roland Gask (London): Of ten

servicemen I interviewed in Piccadilly, |

not one favored the curfew. “Wh

don’t they send some of that excess
liquor over here if they're not going to
use it?” inquired Pvt. Sydney Specht of
the Bronx. “I think the curfew is a de-
moralizing influence. Many of us don’t
like to think we're going back to that
sort of tripe. We get enough of it over
here,” said T/5 Roy Carpenter of Chi-
cago. T/5 Hy Neidich of the Bronx had
morals as well as morale on his mind::-
“Why not give the serviceman at home
a break and let him have his fun?
Putting him out on the streets only
leads him into vice. We don’t want any
Piccadilly Commandos on Broadway.”

Gibson McCabe (Paris): “Hell,
brother,” Pfc. Ben Blaydes of Memphis,
Tenn., said,: “I’ve been too busy dodg-
ing bullets to think about it.” One of
three sailors, a little the worse for wear
after his first liberty in several months,

. brought the only approving vote for the

midnight clampdown. His two buddies
voted against it on the grounds that it

would bring back speakeasies and clip
joints. The third, a. storekeeper «third
class, said: “I'm from Hickory, N. C.,
and we don’t need to keep anything
open that late down there, so I say it’s

a good idea.”

William Hipple (Manila): The ma-
jority of iers, most of whom have
been in the heavy fighting on Luzon, ap-
pear to be against the curfew. How-
ever, they are almost unanimous in be-
lieving that the government should not
be defied. Marty men put it on a per-
sonal basis—in effect, that they hope to
get home on furloughs or rotation and
want to find things as much like they
left them as possible.

S/Sgt. John Manfredi of Ankeny,
Iowa, said: “People back home are
grown up, aren’t they? Let them-stay
out as long as they want to. I doubt if it
will help any and. it sounds too much
like regimentation. Are the people be-
coming a bunch of old maids? I don’t
want. any such restriction when I get
back to. the States. We- get enough in
the Army.”

On the other hand, there area great
number in Manila who have come
straight out of combat and have an 11
o'clock curfew. After being holed up in

{

“places like New Guinea for two or three

years, they don’t see why people in the
States should be having as good a time
as ever. “It forces them to do what they
should: do—conserve their energies and
keep them clear-eyed to do their part,”
said Stanley J. Loeser of Chicago. But
another guy remarked: “Hell, yes, I’m
for the curfew. I mean, as long as I’m
over here.”

John Lardner (Pacific): “It reminds
me a little too much of prohibition,”
said Carpenter’s Mate Ray Bunce of
Los Angeles. “They put over that deal
when we were away too, and maybe
somebody thought it was good for
morale.” Pfc. Lester Dorsey of Louisiana
said: “My folks have been going to bed
at 10 o'clock all their lives’ but nobody
told them they had to, and I don’t see
that there’s any call for it.” A neutral
commentator, Lt. Douglas Lovel' of ‘the

Borg |

Royal Navy, observed: “I think they're

se heal ‘trying to arrange it so you chaps won't
Gls, like these drinking wine in France, don’t want a curfew when they get home ~~ be homesick anymore: Have a drink.”

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International

However quick the camera’s eye, Butch still wows ’em: (left to right) band leader; Congressional witness; blood donor; thinker

cee sana

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¢ NATIONAL AFFAIRS °

_ New York May Ring Own Curfew

on La Guardia in November Vote

Mayor’s Coalition Support
Is Deserting the Fiery Butch
Early in Balloting Year

His moods range from sweet concern
for babies who need carriages to in-
temperate outbursts in English, Yiddish,
Italian, and other languages. He has op-
erated a subway train, a steam shovel,
and a bulldozer; led a symphony or-
chestra and written doggerel verse for the
Department of Sanitation. He has clowned
and prayed, tried to slug a heckler, and
been assaulted himself on the back steps
of City Hall..He tootles a cornet, hums
Haydn, and makes spaghetti sauce, de-
nounces gamblers and fights fires. In
seeking public office fifteen times he has
used eight political parties and cursed
most of them.

To New Yorkers, and to the nation, he
is not merely the mayor; he is a midget
Mussolini, a frustrated Napoleon, dic-
tator, benefactor, Manhattan Messiah,
the Benjamin Franklin of Today, the Lit-
tle Flower, The Hat, and finally (and
most often) just plain Butch.

A vast assortment of brilliant accom-
plishments and blatant mistakes clutters
the record of his personal history for 30
years. For eleven years now his hold on
City Hall has been made possible through
fusion support from Republicans and the
left wing, including the American Labor
party and Communists. In national elec-

tion years, he in turn has supported the -

New Deal only to quarrel with it be-
tween campaigns, his most notable break
coming two weeks ago when he defied
Washington’s amusement curfew. Last
week there was mounting evidence that

International
Fires get La Guardia’s personal attention

Newsweek, Aprit 2, 1945

Acme Acme

Republicans and liberal factions were de-
serting the ship. With 62-year-old Fiorello
H. La Guardia facing a mayoralty elec-
tion next November the question was not
so much his past as his future: Is Butch
menaced by a political curfew?

Take any moderately talented imper-
sonator, give him a broad black felt hat
and heavy-rimmed spectacles, and let him
charge about the stage as if he were go-
ing off half-cocked. Give him a few chatty,
idiomatic lines, and let him speak in a
wheedling falsetto or tones of squeaking
remonstrance, and though he calls him-
self, as the mayor has done, a “cool, calm

. Nordic,” he won't fool anybody: He will

be La Guardia to the audience.

‘Government by Tantrum’: It would
be a good act, especially if the imperson-
ator happened to be 5 feet 2 inches,
swarthy, chunky, and properly explosive.
For good measure the actor could try dic-
tating to four secretaries and at intervals
carry on vituperative dealings with edi-
tors, former employes, cops, teachers,
and anyone else who happened to dis-
agree with him on any subject running
from the price of children’s underwear
to postwar plans of America’s biggest
city.

This is the portrait indelibly fixed in
millions of minds. Actually, though the
mayor has been quarrelsome to the point
of moving the normally adulatory New
Republic to speak of his administration
as “government by tantrum,” his list of
achievements is impressive. Since he be-
came mayor his administration has im-
proved schools, established new parks,
built playgrounds, parkways, bridges,
health stations, and housing develop-
ments. Scrupulously honest in the money
sense, he has given New York clean city
government, put the treasury in sound
condition, hired experts instead of politi-
cal hacks, scrubbed -civil service, and
kept elections honest.

Teachers of radio-broadcasting tech-
nique instinctively throw up their hands
when anyone mentions La Guardia as a
commentator. But no one questions his
listener response. At least no one does
who remembers what happened in Feb-
ruary 1943 when the mayor told the

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42 NATIONAL AFFAIRS

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Te 4

Newsweek, Aprit 2, 1945

ne ees

<a \'h

1,500,000 persons who tune in to mu-
nicipally owned WNYC every Sunday aft-
ernoon that they “shouldn’t do too much
walking.” The hint was plain. Hours be-
fore Washington announced shoe ration-
ing, lower East Side stores were deluged
with eager shoe buyers. Criticized, the
mayor grinned impishly. Since then he
has discussed, advised, damned, and
praised a thousand things over the radio,
opening and closing each broadcast with
these words: “Patience and Fortitude.”
Samples:

@ To housewives:- “If the kids get tired
of potatoes or dumplings, try cornmeal.”
Try making soup from discarded beef
necks; try Jerusalem artichokes if potato
prices are too high. “If they are little
eggs, you get more eggs; and if they are
big eggs, you get less eggs.” “If you
hadn’t paid 86 cents a und [for
porgies] in a couple of days those porgies
would have smelt, and they could not
have sold them as ‘smelts’ if you get what
I mean.” |

@ Concerning gamblers: Little boys
should peach if their fathers play the
horses. Gamblers are tin horns and bums.

Police should rip out the teletype ma--

chines or tickers used for racing informa-
tion in poolrooms.

@ Concerning the Atlantic Charter: “Mr.
Churchill, over here, we believe that the
Atlantic Charter is a rule, not a guide.
And so, Winston, if I may use the lan-
guage of, say, Shakespeare or Brown-
ing or Shelley or Dante Gabriel Rossetti
or other British classicists, please don’t
louse it up.”

The mayor has denounced the high
price of baby shoes, explained the need
of muzzling dogs, cracked down on Teal-
estate “chiselers,” deplored child-labor
abuses, criticized bingo playing in
churches, and reviewed the achievements
of the armed forces. Butch brushes aside
frequent charges that he uses the broad-
casts to help fim self politically.

The Mayor Suggests

The following is a composite
menu of foods and recipes which -
Mayor La Guardia has recommend-
ed to New Yorkers from time to
time as various wartime shortages
and dietary problems arose:

Choice of: Fish Chowder

or
Soup made from Beef Necks and
Vegetables :

Frozen Fish
Pasta Faggioli (salt pork, kidney
beans, escarole, macaroni)
Jerusalem Artichokes
Cornmeal Home-canned Tomatoes
Bread (machine-sliced)
Oleomargarine
Coffee (base: old coffee grounds)

Twenty-five years ago when La Guardia
was president of New York’s Board of
Aldermen, one of his exasperated foes
hoarsely whispered: “Why doesn’t some-
one hit the little Wop with the gavel?”
That emotion has been voiced hundreds
of times down the years as Butch has
bickered and fought with the OPA and
with politicians. Irritated as he success-
fully campaigned for his third term in
1941, he occasionally screamed at his op-
position: “Crooks! Bums! Double-cross-
ers! Lousy! Phooey!”

High-Flying Mayor: Even tolerant

New York has =< rtd found his hu-
mors too wayward, his energy a little
exhausting: He has led vice raids per-

* sonally in Brooklyn and stopped street

fights on his way to City Hall. Once he
started and ended a day in New York,
having made speeches in Washington,

Permission of The New Yorker © The F-R Publishing Corp.

Cincinnati, and Chicago. He was a flying
major in the last war and he still loves
to fly. : :

Flying gets him to Washington quick-
ly, and the mayor is likely to feel disaf-
fected if. he doesn’t testify two or three
times a month on something or other at
the capital. Once when someone re-
marked on his frequent visits to Wash-
ington he answered tartly that he had
lived there fourteen years. This, of course,
was a reference to his seven stormy terms
in Congress.

La Guardia’s love of travel and ex-
citement is natural. Born in New York,
he was raised, as the son of an Army
bandmaster, in South Dakota and Ari-
zona, later moved to Budapest, worked
as a consul in Fiume, and has been on
the go ever since. As a lawyer he once
earned a fee of $27,000; his job as mayor
pays $22,500. Chairman of the United
States Conference of Mayors, he has also
been national director of the Office of
Civilian Defense and American head of
the United States-Canadian Defense
Board. Since Pearl Harbor he has itched
for overseas duty. For a time many
thought he would get a high Army post,
and, to his continuing civilian status
many attribute the mounting impatience
which culminated in his defiance of the
curfew request (see page 38).

Significance ——

Long ago dubbed a one-man political
party, La Guardia has succeeded by skill-
ful maneuvering of coalitions. Minority
groups, dissidents, and reformers have
rallied to him. Although he has been pro-

sed at various times for President,

ice President, or Secretary, La Guardia’s
future now is anything but rosy. ‘His
curfew defiance obviously did not en-
dear him to the Administration; crit-
ics even called it a bid for a fourth
term. However, it is doubtful whether .
President Roosevelt, always the mayor’s

0) 3

meme . ee

LIL)
Mibacc

ae bik

@ In 1927 commercial air travel and PCA came into being
simultaneously. On April 26, PCA celebrates its 18th an-
niversary, its history paralleling the development of Amer-
ica’s great air transportation system.

In 1927 PCA operated over a route 127 miles long; in
1945 the Capital Fleet will fly a route of 4,000 miles.

ONE OF THE FIRST AIRLINES to go to war was PCA.
Capitaliners, quickly transformed into war garb,
roared into the sky with emergency supplies for
many menaced battlefronts.

PCA instructors, in PCA- organized classes, taught

thousands of Army and Navy fledgling war fliers.

Stripped in 1943 by war demands from 23 to 7
planes, PCA was able, by an amazing operational
feat, to carry 92 per cent of the passengers carried
by the full prewar fleet.

HERALD OF THE FUTURE

Today PCA, with most of its Capital Fleet back
in service, is opening two new routes. The first of
these, non-stop between Chicago and Detroit, is
now in operation. The second, which will link the
war-important air traffic centers of New York and
Chicago, and New York and the South, will open
very soon. :

This will give America’s largest city a new air
service to the industrial heart of the nation—to
Pittsburgh non-stop, to Youngstown, Cleveland,
Akron, Detroit, Michigan manufacturing centers,
Chicago, Milwaukee; and from New York to Knox-
> ville, Chattanooga, Birmingham, the South.,

Thus PCA starts its 19th year offering air trav-
elers important new services; and in the years to
come PCA will continue to gear its expanding facil-
ities, its manpower and its experience to giving the
greatest service to the greatest number.

2 pn ESTEE TE

44 NATIONAL AFFAIRS

NEWSWEEK

nn ___________

close friend, will throw his support

openly next fall to the Democratic candi-

date opposing La Guardia.
More important than this has been the

‘growing disillusionment exhibited by

many former staunch supporters of La
Guardia. Last week leaders of the Lib-
eral party, offshoot of the American Labor
party whose weight has swung him into
office twice, implicitly denied La Guardia
further support. The party, said its chair-
man, Alex Rose, will try to bring about
an intellectually honest non-partisan ad-
ministration. Similarly, the Republicans,
who have backed La Guardia in three
Fusionist triumphs at the polls (1933,
°87, °41), are cool with many leaders
openly hostile.

GOP chieftains are insisting that the
party enter its own candidate; the Demo-
crats are certain to do so. Without Lib-
eral party backing, La Guardia faces the
fight of his life to survive.

Justice at Curfew

Publicly, neither the President nor War
Mobilizer James F. Byrnes had to lift a
finger to combat Mayor Fiorello La
Guardia’s hour-of-tolerance threat to the
aationwide midnight curfew (NEWSWEEK,
March 26). Instead, they worked quietly
through the War and Navy Departments.
Terse and to the point, departmental
orders went out to all servicemen last
week to comply with both the “spirit and
letter” of Byrnes’s request for a 12 o'clock

Easter Parade: Aside from a towering white-lace turban
(left) in the style of the exaggerated bonnets Frenchwomen

closing of all places of entertainment.

New York night spots were thus baldly
confronted with a choice: to»keep open
until 1 a.m.—as their mayor had invited
—but to turn soldiers out at midnight and
serve only civilians, or to disregard the
mayor and close their doors at 12, as they
had since the curfew began. ost unan-
imously, night spots in the nation’s larg-
est city chose the second course. To do
otherwise, amusement. operators .ex-
plained, would be unfair to servicemen.

From this decision they refused to
budge even after La Guardia went on a
radio network to explain that his city,

with its nightly 200,000 og tg om | .

transients, was a special case; that |

officials were legally powerless to enforce
a curfew except. after 1 a.m.—and even
then only in the case of establishments
requiring city licenses (night clubs, cab-
arets, dance halls, bowling alleys); that
they could do nothing with restaurants,

hotels, or taverns serving liquor because -

state law fixed their closing hour at 4
a.m. One Manhattan bar summed up
the entertainment industry’s reaction with
this sign: “One curfew indivisible with
liberty. and justice for all.”

Nor Iron Bars a Cage

When prison gates clanged behind
Clara Fish in 1932, the future of the at-
tractive 20-year-old redhead looked bleak
indeed. A sharecropper’s daughter who
left home to make her own way, Clara

wore as @

had _ worked as a children’s nursemaid,
fallen in love with her employer, and
poisoned his wife. For this crime she was

Sentenced to life in the state penitentiary

at Jefferson City, Mo.
__ But society was not destined to deprive
the young murderess of a woman’s birth-
right. In March 19386 Clara Fish became
a mother. Her child died at birth; the
alleged father, a prison guard, was dis.
missed.

Last week Clara became a mother
again. In St. Mary’s Hospital in Jefferson
City she gave birth to a 9-pound boy.

This time, Clara said, the father was a

convict who had access to the women’s
dormitory—about a mile east of the main
penitentiary (current male population of
the prison: 2,000, female, 55). According
to Clara the man attacked her twice, but
she did not report the attacks until she
was pregnant. Denying paternity, the
man protested that he had never entered
the dormitory unaccompanied by a ma-
tron.

The baby will be placed in the care of
the Social Security Commission pending
a juvenile-court decision on his fate. Clara
Fish will return behind bars. In the course
of nearly thirteen years as an inmate, she
has thrice vainly applied ,for. a parole,
arguing that she had “embraced religion’
and partaken of Bible and Red Cross ac-
tivities in the prison. Her latest applica-
tion for parole is set for review in a few
months. Prison authorities. glumly _pre-

dicted that it would again be denied.

badge of defiance during Nazi occupation, Paris
contributed little to the inspiration of American designers. . . ..

Corrections by HLH.

The great principles of political rights of
nations and men, the standards of conduct
among nations, and the curative functions
which eliminate the causes of war are wholly
absent from Dumbarton Oaks . . . We are in
danger of setting up [at San Francisco] a
purely mechanistic body without spiritual in-
spiration or soul. -

Thus, in‘a series of four terse articles
that were distributed this week by North
American Newspaper Alliance, 70-year-
old Herbert Hoover, 3lst President of
the United States, pleaded for a broad-
ening of the Dumbarton Oaks base to
admit moral force into the peace ma-
chinery (see Raymond Moley’s Perspec-
tive, page 104).

An Ounce of Morality . . . Titled
“Some Additions to the Dumbarton Oaks
Proposals,” the articles urged the inclu-
sion of “positive standards” in the San
Francisco charter to correct this flaw and
proposed that a world committee to pro-
mote political rights be set up, ranking
equally with economic and social com-
mittees already agreed-upon at Dumbar-
ton Oaks.

Hoover-suggested standards:

@No aggrandizement or - annexations,
territorial or other.

@ No territorial changes that do not ac-
cord with the freely expressed wishes of
the people concerned.

@ The restoration of sovereign rights and

.. . latest seasonal offering. More than ever before, this col-
lection proves that the American woman's best bet in the

self-government to those who have been
deprived of them.

@ The right of all peoples to choose their
form of government by free and unfet-
tered elections and secret ballot.

@ Equality in trade.

- @ Freedom of the seas.

@ Disarmament of aggressor nations.

* @ Reduction in arms of all nations.

@ Renunciation of war as an instrument
of national policy.

. .. Beats a Pound of Force: Without
such standards, Hoover warned, “the San
Francisco charter will not be a chart of
peace; it will be simply another transi-
tory paet or a declaration.”

Hoover had a second major proposal
for the conferees who will asemble
April 25 at San Francisco: “Provision for
revision of onerous treaties between na-
tions at, say, ten-year intervals.”

“Experience demonstrates,” he wrote,
“that there are unpredictable areas of
most dangerous controversies which rise
from the pressure for change in the rela-
tions between nations . .. Boundaries and
peace treaties are not inspired documents.
Certainly the whole experience after the
last war shows that peace can be pre-
served, not by preventing change and
putting the future in a straitjacket, but by
seeking to control change and direct it.
Any attempt to maintain the status quo

- indefinitely is a direct cause of war.”

On the question of whether the Ameri-
can delegate to the Security Council

NATIONAL AFFAIRS 45
should have the right to commit this
country to force, Hoover took the nega-
tive. His proposal: That the power te
delegated to the President’ with provi-
sion that he be bound by the majority
of the joint Senate and House foreign
relations committees as to whether a vote
to employ American force should be sub-
mitted to the Congress as a whole.

The Senators Say No

With an ominous gleam in its eye,
the Senate temporarily laid aside the
Mexican water treaty to consider instead
the nomination of Aubrey Williams as
Rural Electrification Administrator. To
friends of Williams, this choice of priori-
ties was the tip-off. Their only hope for
his confirmation, already adversely re-
oes on by the Agriculture Committee,

ad been to stall for time while the Ad-
ministration tried to pick up the necessary
number of votes. The Senate’s refusal to
wait made the outcome certain.

Storm Over Aubrey: But pro-Wil-
liams forces doggedly held out for four
days of debate before the inevitable vote
came last week: 52 to 36 against con-
firmation. The action was historic; in
thirteen years in the White House Presi-
dent Roosevelt had suffered the first re-
jection of a major nomination by- outright
Senate veto. Opposing Williams as head
of the $500,000,000 farm agency were
33 Republicans and 19 Democrats; for

New York Dress Institute

Easter parade is a brand-new suit, a brand-new hat, a lively .-
tilt to the head, and a pair of shapely underpinnings.

46 NATIONAL AFFAIRS

Crash in the Night: Two persons were killed and 38 in-
jured when a bus en route from Flint, Mich.; to Chicago,

smashed into a stalled truck near South Bend, Ind. Spec-
tators help with the rescue as a victim is put in an ambulance.

ee CR ee eT
. os Cees nae

Newswerx, Apri 2, 1945

Acme

him were 31 Democrats, 4 Republicans,
and 1 Progressive.

In making their last-ditch fight to win
confirmation, Williams supporters had
to contend with as variegated a set of
charges as ever confronted a public of-
ficeholder:
€ That Williams had renounced the di-
vinity of Christ. To this charge, Sen.
Harley M. Kilgore retorted: “I hope we
have passed that day of bigotry . ...
when we discuss and take evidence on
the religious beliefs of an American citi-
zen in connection with his right to hold
— under appointment by the Presi-

ent.” :

@ That Williams, as head of the National
Youth Administration, had disbursed
$155,000,000 to Communist-controlled
groups and “at heart is a Communist.”
This charge was leveled by his archfoe,
Sen. Kenneth McKellar. The reply,- by
Sen. Burton K. Wheeler: “There is not
a scintilla of evidence that Williams is
a Communist.”.

@ That Williams had no qualifications for
the REA post, or, as Sen. Raymond. E.
Willis put it: “The only contact Williams
ever had with the electric business
amounts to nothing more than paying his
_ light bill and turning on the switch.” In
reply Sen. Allen J.“Ellender pointed out
that if experience were to be the yard-
stick, the Senate could not have con-
firmed Federal Loan Administrator Fred
Vinson, who “never lent a dime or a dol-
lar to anybody.”

But the arguments of Williams advo-

cates fell on a virtually empty chamber;
a Senate perety had already made up
its mind. Conceding defeat, Sen. Robert
M. La Follette had a parting shot: “I
hope that when Williams’s four boys get

from service their faith in this body
will not ‘be shaken when they read the

testimony which has been introduced
against him.”

In his cubbyhole office at the National
Farmers Union—where he will continue
as director of organization—the 54-year-
old ex-social ‘worker accepted defeat
philosophically. Seated atop a desk with
his hands clasped about his knees, Wil-
liams blamed his defeat on a coalition of
“Southern Tories” and Republicans, and

solemnly heard James G. Patton, the

union’s president, disclose plans for a
Williams “victory” dinner—so-called_be-
cause the Senate vote “showed us how
we <r _

O ater significance was Patton’s an-
‘asibtemont pg formation of a “po-
litical information bureau” to serve in
rural areas (particularly in the South)
as the Farmers Union's 1944 ally, the
CIO Political Action Committee, had
done in the cities. The rejection of Wil-
liams, Patton promised, would be the

“jumping-off point” of a campaign against"

congressmen inimical to Farmers Union
objectives. Patton warned: “We'll be see-
ing some of those senators out where they
ive.”

Stand-Up Girls

A “Dear Lootenant” letter means only
one thing tothe American aviators who
are prisoners of war at Stalag Luft III,
Germany: The recipient has bien jilted
by the girl he left at home. Usually the
— is ~— by some big 8 oe
relative who begins: “I suppose that
have already heard about. . .” and then
breaks the bad news.

Last week: the March issue of .the
Prisoners of War Bulletin, Dh he i
the American National R
closed how the boys were handling the
situation. When a prisoner, identified

"Cross, ‘ae.

only as C. W. Cook, got a “Dear Looten-
ant” letter from his girl’s father, saying
she had married another man, Cook’s
roommate, Ed Baxley, pasted the girl’s
picture on the wall with a suitable label.
Soon the gallery of “stand-ups” began to
grow: snapshots, colored photographs,
even a picture of a bride in her wedding
gown.

The men noted a conspicuous” tact: ~
Most “stand-up” girls were brunettes.

Back From the Cleaner’s

In a foxhole somewhere in Germany
last November Pfc. Floyd A. Van Loan,
rain-soaked and mud-caked, eagerly tore
at the strings of a package from home.
Postmarks showing its patient odyssey
—from Camp McCain,: Miss., to Fort
Meade, Md., to Camp Kilmer, ‘N. J.,
through Scotland, England, France, Hol-
land, and Belgium—only served to whet
the GI’s appetite for what he assumed
was food ea his family. Instead, he
found: five summer dresses and two
coats belonging to his wife. She had left
them last June at a dry. cleaner’s. in her
home town of Darien, Conn.

Last week, in the Maine coast village
where she. was visiting her mother, the
bundle finally caught up with Mrs. Van
Loan, ending the m of its disap-
pearance after the cleaner forwarded it
to the Southern camp where she had
spent two weeks with her husband. With
her clothes, the soldier’s wife had a note
from Van Loan’s commanding officer:
“The arrival of that package was the best
morale booster my men could have had.
We were about to ai - .—- . The
men were tense and worried. When the
dresses arrived, they started to laugh and

_kid your .husband. The tension was

broken. As you know, we took Aachen.”

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48 NATIONAL AFFAIRS

Newsweek, Apri, 2, 1945

WASHINGTON TIDES

_had been captured intact,

liquid

The Battle of Com Z

by ERNEST K. LINDLEY

+ Paris (by wireless)—Although this
is datelined Paris, it is written only 24
hours from Washington by routine
flights of the Air Transport Command
and is reported through eyes that have
Seeionnity observed the war chiefly
from Washington.

The American armies in this theater
make up a migratory city
approximately the size of
Chicago with an incredible
capacity to consume gaso-
line and ammunition, and
with needs which change
overnight with the fortunes
of war. The present great of-
fensive could not have be-
gun until immense reserves
of supplies were built up.
Even if all the Rhine bridges

the armies could not have moved far
until this buildup had been completed.
This is axiomatic but it is only when
you are on the scene that you begin
to visualize the incredible feats of
construction, transportation, and man-
agement involved in winning the bat-
tle of supply.
To supply this moving city requires
more than 1,500,000 tons of dry cargo
monthly plus immense quantities of
etroleum products. The dry
cargo alone would fill more than 3,000
freight trains of average size, operated

_on French railways under the direc-

tion of American transportation ex-
perts. Not all supplies move by rail.
Part goes by truck and part by barge.

But railroads still are the most ef-
ficient means of transporting swiftly a
large volume of supplies overland.
The Allies found the rail system of
Northern France practically prostrate.
The Germans had removed 200,000
cars. Of the 225,000 remaining in
France, 60,000 were disabled by
aerial bombardment. Few locomotives
were left in operating condition. There
were no spare parts, no brass, zinc, or
other metals, and almost no usable
machine tools for making repairs.
Many bridges were down. The Ameri-
can armies brought 20,000 freight cars
and more than 14,000 locomotives, to-
gether with metals and machines for
repairs and bridging materials.

Now the rail system is in good op-
erating condition well up to the front.
And the bulk of the gasoline is carried
most of the way to the front through
American-laid pipelines—one from

Marseille and two northern lines, of

which one is for high-octane aviation
gasoline. Vast truck fleets, full of
gas especially, are filling in the
sudden high priority demands. The
Red_ Ball Express trucking route,
which kept Patton’s and Hodges’s
armies going after the Normandy
breakthrough, has been written about.
In 81 days’ operation it car-
ried more than 500,000 tons
of supplies over distances
that at one time: were four
times the length of the
Burma Road. Less well pub-
licized at home’ are other ex-
press trucking routes such as
the White Ball, Green Dia-
mond, Little Red Ball, and
ABC Victary Route, which
in the first two months fol-
lowing the opening of the
port of Antwerp sped more than 100,-
000 tons of the most urgently needed
supplies to American, British, and Ca-
nadian forces in the northern sector.
The ports are a story in themselves.
Until Marseille and Antwerp were ac-
quired, the Allied Armies had captured
only one crane in a usable condition.
Cherbourg never had been much of a
cargo port. Le Havre was completel
wrecked. Now supplies move through
these ports—Cherbourg, Le Havre,
Rouen, Marseille, and Antwerp—under

joint British and American operation.
When fresh convoys arrive there is a

little bulge for a few days on charts
showing unloaded ships. But it quick-
ly disappears. Week by week, ship
cargoes are discharged and hauled

_ away as fast as they arrive.

All these vast supply operations are
the responsibility of what is known as
Communications Zone, or Com Z,
which stretches from tidewater to com-
bat lines. Com Z is responsible also for
all services such as hospitals and pris-
oners of war—in fact, everything be-
hind the lines. Of more than 2,000,000
troops in the theater, more than half
a million are‘ Com Z troops.

The over-all figures give no idea
of the intricacy of the job which on the
supply side alone involves getting
some 1,000,000 separate items in the
right place and the right quantity at
the right time. The armies are lunging
across the Rhine because the battle of
supply is won. In fact the channels
from tidewater to the combat zone can

‘now carry more than the ships are dis-

charging and more than the troops im-

. mediately need.

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50 NATIONAL AFFAIRS

“

NEWSWEEK, APRIL 2, 1945

* | ° FROM THE CAPITAL ay

The Dams That Jack Builds

Jack Savage is back. Most Americans
didn’t know he’d been away. His return
after more than a year in India, China,
and the Levant went almost unnoticed
except in the Interior Department, where
he stopped off briefly en route to his home
in Denver.

On the streets of Washington, John
Lucian Savage looks like any other
year-old bureaucrat earning $8,750 a
year and content to plod along in the
government groove. His neatly combed
gray hair, inconspicuous dress, and self-
effacing manner are ¢haracteristic.

Yet 1,000,000 years hence, if there are
archeologists to dig out monuments of the
remote twentieth century, they will find
that the nearest thing to pyramids of that
day was erected not by a Pharaoh but by
the obscure civil servant named Savage.
It won’t make much sense to them unless
they also find some records showing that
Savage was the greatest dam builder of
an age in which hydroelectric power
changed the face of the earth.

A Yankee’s Plan . . . As chief design-
ing engineer of the Interior Department’s
Bureau of Reclamation, Savage has pre-
pared the Reaopeiets and served as con-
struction consultant on 60 dams costing
more than $1,000,000,000. Grand Coulee

on the Columbia River, Savage’s exhibit -

A, is the most tremendous man-made mass
in the world. Other Savage jobs include
Boulder Dam on the Colorado, Norris and
Wheeler Dams on the Tennessee, and
California’s mighty Shasta. Grand Coulee
won't be the biggest for long, however,
if Savage's current plan for a dam on the
Yangtze River near Ichang, 650 miles
from China’s East Coast, is carried out.
He has spent most of the last year ex-
amining the problem on the scene, some-
times working within 3 miles of forward
Japanese troops.

As now projected, the 750-foot-high
Yangtze dam will create a reservoir 250

miles long with a capacity of 50,000,000-

acre-feet, almost double that of Boulder
Dam. Its productive capacity will be 10,-
560,000 kilowatts, about twice the maxi-
mum ultimate potential of Grand Coulee,
Boulder, and Shasta combined. It will
make the Yangtze navigable for 10,000-
ton ships up to Chungking and irrigate
10,000,000 acres of land. A population
greater than that of the United States
lives within a radius of 300 miles of the
dam site and thus will be within reach of
Yangtze power.

.-+ To Tame the Yangtze: Discussing
his Chinese plans with friends, Savage
has intimated that he is playing with an
idea that would shame Paul Bunyan. He
proposes a single lock capable of lifting

a ship 500 feet. Since the gates for sueh
a fabulous water lift would be too heavy
to handle, it would be necessary to dig a
shaft through a mountain, divert the
river to the mountain’s base, and devise
machinery to control intake and outlet of
water from the shaft. _

The engineer who threatens to make
oil for the lamps of China obsolete has
become in recent years a one-man good-

- “Billion Dollar Beaver”: John Savage

will mission for the United States Govern-
ment. He was on loan to the British in
Singapore when the Japs approached
through Malaya and he took the last ship
out. He stopped to look at the Jordan
River for the Palestine Government on his
way home from China. Congress has
passed a special law authorizing loan of
his services to foreign governments. As.
usual, he accepted no fee from the Chi-
nese.

Modern dam construction methods de-
pend upon techniques perfected by Sav-
age: pouring concrete in sections to per-
mit contraction as the mass dries; arti-
ficial cooling during this process; and
joining the blocks into one solid mass by
grouting. He also is co-inventor of the
needle valve and other paraphernalia
used in hydraulic engineering.

A childless widower, Savage has made
a hobby of educating his relations’ chil-
dren. His current avocation is scientific
testing of the tonal quality of violins. He
has no bad habits, not even tobacco.

Son of a Wisconsin farmer, he was
educated in his. home state—with em-
phasis on Latin—and took his B.S. degree
at the University of Wisconsin, where
classmates considered him a shy fellow
who, in spite of his brilliance, would have
a hard time making his way in the world.

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| Newsweek, Aprit 2, 1945

a saEED

¢ FOREIGN AFFAIRS -

Battered Manila Happily Rebuilds
With the Help of Army Engineers

Tango Lessons in the Ruins,
Carretela Rides Through Misery—
That’s the Filipino Capital

From the Philippines, William Hipple,
NEWSWEEK war correspondent, sends this
account of how Manila is groping its way
back to life.

All day the dynamite charges explode
in the ruined city as Army engineers clear
away the sagging walls and piles of rub-
ble. By contrast, there is the scratching
wail of a gramophone upstairs in an old
frame building and a sign announcing that
Sin Pena Dancing School® is again offer-
ing lessons in the tango, rhumba, and
fox trot.

In the corner of a demolished concrete
building a group of Filipinos dig and
sweep. The next day or so a sign with a
name such as “Victory Café,” “Yankees”
Rendezvous,” or “New Chicago Restau-
rant” will go up. A resourceful business-
man has cleared a spot, put up a counter,
and begun to sell coffee cakes and fruits.
Already back in business are “Norma’s
Fashion Salon” and the “Elegant Corset
and Brassiére Shop.” Professor Ligeti, by
the way, is also reopening his voice-cul-
ture studio this week and war correspond-
ents planning lecture tours in the States
are urged to enroll.

Food Comes First: The Common-
wealth government is already drafting
new mh zoning for Manila, so that it
will not grow haphazardly, but of course
military necessities, health, and law and
order come first now and will for some
time. To stop possible epidemics, Arm
engineers went to work early on the city’s
water system. Breaks in the mains are
being repaired and the water chlorinated
and filtered. Some 50,000,000 gallons a
day are now pumped from the reservoir
to the northern part of the city, and the
south side is served at present by trucks
which fill huge canvas tanks at strategic
places where people can draw water.

The city is without electric ts, ex-
cept for a few lines installed by the engi-
neers, but they are now attempting to
salvage the power system. Clearing of
debris has so far been limited to areas
to be used by the military, but eventu
engineers plan to tear down all the build-
ings which are a menace.

Food for civilians was naturally the first

r *The Painless Dancing School.

problem. About 50,000 people are home-
less—thousands more probably are, but
have not reported and are sleeping in any
available space—and at least 600,000 peo-
ple are dependent on the food furnished
by their liberators. That is why the word
you hear most often in Manila these days
is “PCAU,” pronounced “peecow,” mean-
ing Philippine Civil Affairs Units. Be-
cause of the efficiency of these Army
groups, there have been no food riots and
no known starvation since the Americans
came. Some 700,000 pounds of food,
mostly fish and rice shipped from the
United States, are distributed daily. Im-
ported goods are supplemented to a small
degree by local supplies of camotes or
sweet potatoes, tomatoes, bananas, pa-
payas, and other vegetables and fruits.

Next, the Black Market: The arrival
of supplies, both civilian and military,
will not be full scale, however, until both
north and south harbors are cleared of
more than 300 sunken ships. Navy experts
say this tonnage exceeds that in the har-
bors of Cherbourg, Le Havre, Naples, and
other Mediterranean and Channel ports
ns with the exception of Mar-
seille.

“Hello, Joe”: Manila struggles to normalcy with the help of GI liberators

Civil Affairs Units sell food to respon-
sible civilian retailers who. have money
to pay for it and who abide by the rules.
The retailers, allowed a margin of profit,
then set up PCAU stores, of which there
are now 300 in Manila. Each family is
issued a food card which allows it to buy
a daily ration. If the family has no money,
it can draw free food at relief stations.
PCAU off....s say most Filipinos do not
want charity md. will buy supplies at
stores if they have any money at all.

Side by side with the wreckage and
tragedy of the city, the seemingly inevi-
table black market and paras Barts
rackets exist. The Commonwealth gov-
ernment has issued a maximum price list
for commodities and rents, and the mili-
tary and civil police are cracking down
severely on offenders. For instance, the
basic price for a pound of rice is 4 cents,
but it can be bought on the black market
for four times that. Dubious local liquors
are sold for anywhere from $10 to $50 a
quart, and there have been some deaths
from drinking grain and wood alcohol en-
ticingly labeled. NEwsweeEx’s Manila Bu-
reau tried to buy a distributor for an auto
and was asked $200. However, the black-
marketing and overcharging picture does
not appear to be nearly as serious as in
European areas. Only a small minority
of Filipinos stoop to profiteer on their
American liberators, and these gangs are
being rounded up.

Welcome, Joe: Despite the dust, heat,
wreckage, and human misery, Manila is
a city of smiles and gratitude. Kids still
give you the V for Victory sign and yell:
“Hello, Joe,” as you pass.. Filipino and

gy A

56 FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Chinese neighbors drop in with gifts of
soup or fruit, and strangers on the streets
wave and smile.

For a peso or two you can ride in a
gaily colored carretela drawn by a pony.
It is more fun than a hansom in Central
Park—unless you would rather be in New
York. All American soldiers here would
of course, but even Manila as it is now
looks good to them after three years in
the South Pacific and New Guinea jun-
gles. And the Filipinos take the destruc-
tion of their city philosophically. As
Amelio, our driver, put it: “It is better
this way with you here than beautiful
under the Japs.”

A Churchill Divorce

After an up-and-down backstage _ro-
mance, a transatlantic chase by her
brother Randolph, and strong disapprov-
al from her outspoken father, Sarah
Churchill was married to Vic Oliver eight
years ago in New York. Prime Minister
Churchill’s pretty 22-year-old daughter
was then a chorus girl aspiring to dra-
matic roles. Oliver was the 38-year-old
son of an Austrian baron, a naturalized

American, and a veteran of vaudeville. _

This week Oliver sued for divorce in Lon-
don. The suit: was undefended; the
charge, desertion since Sarah joined the
Women’s Auxiliary Air Force in 1941,

Spain: Time for a King?

The House of Bourbon called to Spain
last week and promised dignity and hap-
iness if its voice were heeded. From his
ome in Switzerland, Don Juan, Count
of Barcelona, third and only’ physically
normal son of the late Alfonso’ XIII,
sounded the call. In a manifesto he said
it was time he came home.

Dated March 19, but held up three
days to permit the Spanish Legation in
Bern to cable its contents to Madrid, the
manifesto warned Spain that the totali-
tarian-style government of Generalissimo
Francisco Franco threatened disaster for
Spain in an Allied world. A return to the
republic would only bring riew extremism
and new cival war, it added.

The solution, said Juan, was the re-
establishment of the monarchy—a mon-
archy made palatable by promises that
even a republic could not surpass: im-
mediate adoption by popular vote of a
_ political constitution; political liberty;
ular election ‘of a legislative assem-
a Bly, recognition of regional characteris-
tics and autonomies; amnesty for political
prisoners; more even distribution of na-
tional wealth; suppression of- unjust so-
cial differences.

There was no official or publicized

popular reaction in Spain, where Juan’s
manifesto .was circulated secretly and
heard through foreign broadcasts. But
in France, Spanish Communists who
have flirted with the monarchists before
showed signs of jumping on the royal
bandwagon.

: International
This Filipino nun is. rescued from the
Japs; the Vatican protests worse atrocities

In Spain itself, the Franco government
pics ane up national enthusiasm for a
declaration of war on Japan, by continu-
ing to stress the Japanese atrocities
against Spanish citizens in Manila. Ma-
drid backed up its protest to the Jap-
anese by announcing that Spanish
diplomatic missions abroad would no
longer re eo pam interests. It
prepared for the break, though Ger-
many warned Madrid that it would be
considered an unfriendly act. In addition,
Spain’s busy dictator had in his pocket a
declaration of war on Germany, ready for
use at the right moment.

@ To a fat, round-faced, and embar-
peat — soe Tobeo te ange
special delegate 0. to Ho:
See, the Vatican last week delivered a nd
sounding protest at the murder in Manila
of 20 to°80 Spanish Franciscans, mis-
eae raanghtcred: with ath Spanish
ing Japs slaught wi er i
clergy and laymen.

Germany: Potatoes
“all have been Every-
bod is adking: ‘Shall we ‘succeed fa

g the gap until the next crop
comes in

* Newsweek, Apri. 2, 1945

Reich Agricultural Counselor Jiirgen
Stock thus broke the doleful news last
week to the German people that they
were quickly becoming a nation of vege-
tarians. Loss of rich agricultural areas,
crippled transportation, and swarming
refugees meant that the Reich must turn
away from meat. The potato, always
prominent in Germany's heavy diet,
would become its mainstay. The slaughter
of all poultry, except hens, was ordered
by April 1. After June 1, one chicken a
person might be raised, but only if the
Owner grew part of its feed. =’

At the same time, the American Broad-
casting Station in Europe predicted that
for each day the Nazis prolong the war,
5,000 Germans will die of starvation in
the postwar period. A longer war means
disintegration of German transport and

. destruction of farms and food-processing

plants. And the Allies, hard pressed to
feed liberated victims of Nazi aggression,
are pledged to feed the Germans only
with German-grown food.

Poland: Caesarean

The touchiest issue between Britain,
the United States, and Russia last week
was still the ever-present Polish question.
So big did it bulk on the diplomatic ho-
rizon that to a large extent it was taken
out of the hands of the Moscow com-
mission set up to solve it (NEWSWEEK,
March 26) and dumped directly in the
laps of President Roosevelt, Prime Min-
ister Churchill, and Premier Stalin.

The disagreement on the way the Yal-
ta decision for forming a new Polish
government should be implemented
sounded legalistic but was really funda-
mental. The Russians insisted that only
Poles unanimously approved by the com-
mission could be considered for member-
ship in the new government. This in
effect gave the Soviet a veto right and
fitted in with Moscow’s thesis that the
Crimea declaration only meant. that a
few members were to be added to the
existing Lublin government. The Amer-
icans and British thought that all Poles
not unanimously turned down by the
commission should be entitled to join the
new government. This fitted in with the

London-Washington interpretation that -

an entirely new government should be

formed.

The Triple Three: To break the dead-
lock and strengthen the hands of their
Moscow plenipotentiaries, the U. S. State
Department and the British Foreign Of-
fice devised a basis for compromise. After
48 hours of ceaseless work by their best
legal minds, they forwarded to Moscow
a new formula, informally dubbed the
“Triple-Three Plan.”

Under the formula, all Poles, like an-
cient Gaul, would be divided into three

arts: the Lublin Pole$, the Poles in Po-

d, and the London Poles. Each of the
big powers would select one Pole from
each group. The nine thus selected would

a a oe a ae

NEW WAR CRY in Apache Land

on Southern Pacitics Golden State Foute

establishments ‘than any other line.
Today Southern Pacific is carrying
five times the peer traffic of 1940,

This is Southern Arizona.

This is the land of cowboys and
Indians, and mysterious mountains
...Of lush and fruitful valleys re-
claimed from the desert.

Once this region rang with Apache
war cries.

Today a new war cry echoes from
the mesas. It is the stirring whistles
of war freights and troop trains as
they roll irresistibly westward to-
ward Japan. All day long you can
hear them rumbling through the
cactus forests. All night you can see
their headlights in the distance.

It takes real railroading to “keep
"em ping in this rugged western
country. Southern Pacific rails rise
from fantastic desert. country that
lies below sea level to towering snow-
covered mountain summits.

Look at the map and you will see
why the war job assigned to Southern
Pacific is one of the biggest among the
railroads. rails ‘serve the main,
West Coast ports of embarkation,
from San Diego to Portland. In addi-
tion we serve more mi!it-y and naval

with about the same number of cars
as we had then. Our freight load has
more than doubled. So you see why
we ask you to postpone non-essential
use of our rails until the war is over.
* *- * * =

When pleasure trips are possible
again, we hope you'll come West on
Southern Pacific’s GOLDEN STATE
Route. You will ride the famous
Golden State Limited or Californian,
stopover at El Paso for the side tri
to Carlsbad Caverns National Par
. . . perhaps vacation at a Southern
Arizona guest ranch or resort, or in
Palm Springs.

But that must wait.

Now night and day on Southern
Pacific’s 15,000 miles of line the war
trains roll.

On our SunsET Route from New
Orleans across the Deep South and
mighty Texas; on our OVERLAND
Route, tracing the trail of the Pon
Express and Covered ‘ons, dweug

the Rockies, across Great Salt Lake
and over the fl h Sierra: on our

SHasta Route through the Pacific
Northwest; on our GOLDEN STATE
Route through El Paso and South-
ern Arizona...

Night and day the war trains must
roll until the enemy is defeated.

The friendly Southern Pacific

: Headquarters:
65 Market Street, San Francisco 5, California

| 58 FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Newsweek, Aprit 2, 1945

form the nucleus of the new government.
All three Lublin Poles would undoubt-
edly be acceptable to the Russians, as
would the one Russian-selected Pole from

' Poland. If then the Soviets could find

one acceptable Pole in London, the Rus-
sian supporters would obtain a five-to-
four majority in the new government. But
the London Poles, although increasingly
dissatisfied with the exile government,

were not drawing closer to Moscow.

The Swiss: Reconversion —
Lauchlin Currie, economic assistant to

| President Roosevelt came home last week
; and reported success in Switzerland.

Early in February, “in a truculent mood,”

| he had arrived in Bern with British and
§ French missions to tighten the economic
_ blockade on Germany and bring Switzer-

land more firmly, though nonbelligerent-
ly, into the Allied ranks. A month later

| the Allies had nearly everything they

asked, and Currie departed convinced of

_ Switzerland’s pro-Allied sympathies.

Switzerland ended its role as caretaker
of Nazi loot by halting all dealings in
—_ currencies, stopping all but small
purchases of German gold by the Swiss

National Bank, and freezing all German:

assets (though without giving the Allies
names and details of the holders). It
further recognized its responsibilities as
custodian by agreeing to help restore
Nazi loot to its rightful owners.

All transshipment of German coal
through Switzerland to Italy was halted
last month, three days before the Allied
envoys demanded it, and only a small
quantity of nonmilitary supplies was per-
mitted to trickle through to Northern
Italy to maintain token trade (5 per cent
of 1942 exports) and token Swiss neu-
pions No more electric power will be
supplied to Germany by Swiss Rhine
plants; instead, some of the power with-
drawn will be exported to France. The

French will also profit by an agreement.

permitting them to import more from
Switzerland than they .can offer in ex-
ports.

The Duce Speaks: In Milan, Benito Mussolini emerged recently from silent
retirement to prove to his henchmen that he is not an invalid but a fighting Fascist.
.Perched on a tank, against a backdrop of Jap, Italian, and Nazi flags, he thunders
at blackshirts who have remained loyal to him. cs

In return, the Swiss received Allied
permission to move their stores of food
and raw materials from the Iberian
Peninsula across France, and a promise
that “small amounts” of food would be
forthcoming from the United States.

Holland: Of Dutch Blood

The American Army limousine, driv-
ing northward from Brussels and Ghent,
slowed to a stop at a chalk line drawn
across the highway. An elderly woman,
her ample figure dressed in brown tweed
suit and boots, and topped by an out-
of-fashion hat, got out and stood uncer-
tainly on the road. Then she walked
dows. alone, across the chalk line from

-Belgium into the Dutch village of Ede.

Thus Queen Wilhelmina of the Nether-

lands entered her homeland for the first

time in nearly five years.

There were no spring flowers in the
devastated fields, and the walls of ‘gutted
houses cast speckled. shadows in the
bright sun. But as she drove into Zeeland
Province, then through Brabant and Lim-
burg, the Queen-was hailed by weeping,
laughing crowds. With only a few hours’
notice, whole villages were decked with
the Dutch tricolor_and orange streamers.
‘On flooded Walcheren Island, which she
toured perched sedately in a Duck, Wil-
helmina buried her face in her fox fur
piece to hide her tears. Where troops
marched past in review, she was ‘so en-
thusiastic that she ordered reviewing of-
ficers to join her in vigorous clapping. In
each town where she stopped, the Queen

_ spoke briefly but earnestly with govern-

ment Officials.and underground fighters;
in each she heard the national anthem
that begins: “I, William of Nassau, am
of Dutch blood.”

* “When the nine-day visit was over, and
Queen Wilhelmina returned to England,
she had seen her nation’s tragedy at
first hand. She had begun the job of
restoring her regime in the liberated
section of the Netherlands. And she

“had displayed astute political sense by

strengthening her royal ties with the

three Catholic provinces of the south,
the least devoted to the Protestant House
of Orange.

Japan: All War

“The loss of Iwo is the most unfortu-
nate thing in the whole war situation ... .
The corner of Imperial Japan has been
trampled by the dirty shoes of the ene-
my,” croaked Premier Kuniaki Koiso last
week over station JOAK, in Tokyo. Then
came the point: “This is no time to think
of honor or pride.” All efforts must be
concentrated on the war. The Japanese
people must “fight and fight and fight”
to break down the “ambitions of the
enemy.”

The previous week Koiso had been ad-
mitted by Emperor Hirohito’s order to
Imperial Headquarters, Senji-Dai-Honei,
a body which comes into being only in

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time of war, operating in the palace pre-
cincts “to assist the emperor’—who is a
member—“in the exercise of his command
or coordination of military, naval, and
civilian activities to reach the nation’s
strategic objectives.” By tosui and hensei
taiken (prerogatives of supreme com-
mand and administration), the Emperor
administers the fighting forces in peace
and war without any reference to civil
government. A premier’s being admitted
to the military nerve center is unique in
the 67 years of the modern army’s history.

Immediately on joining the body, Koiso
was set to drafting a bill guaranteeing a
maximum concentration of the national
effort. His radio address was made to ex-

plain the measure after it had been in-

troduced to the House of Representatives
where the War Minister, Field Marshal
Gen Sugiyama, Vice War Minister Lt.
Gen: Kaneshiro Shibayama, and Navy
Minister Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai ap-
peared to insist on its being passed. This
amounted to a direct order, virtually an
imperial “must.”
The bill gives the army and navy com-
plete and specific powers in “four cate-
ories”: land, buildings, and materials;
arm products and materials; workers al-

ready employed in the war effort; and’

all other people and organizations. With
the War and Navy Ministers designated
as administrating supervisors of the new
measure authorized to delegate limited
powers to government officials for applica-
tion to local phases, it amounted to a de-
mand from the military that the Diet tum
over everything to them. It was a fore-
gone conclusion that the Diet would obey.

Significance ———

Japan may henceforth be ruled by the
much criticized Gunrei—Military Ordi-
nances issued by the emperor on the ad-
vice of the War Minister without. refer-
ence to civilians. Hitherto these have ap-
plied only to the armed forces. Koiso,
soldier first and politician after, sits in on
the deliberations of Imperial Headquar-
ters, thereby giving advance sanction to
required ordinances and lending his off-
cial power to carrying them out where
the assistance of the civil government is
necessary. It is for this purpose that the
military have maintained Koiso’s admit-
tedly feeble government until now and
they will continue to support their crea-
ture as long as he conforms.

The Welshman

This week David, 1st Earl of Dwyfor,
aged 82, died at his home at Ty Newydd
Llanystumdwy, Wales. Before last Jan-
uary there was no such person and the
obituary would have read more familiar-
ly: David Lloyd George, P. C., O. M.,
M.P.—Prime Minister of Great . Britain
and Ireland during the last war and, with
Wilson and Clemenceau, one of the Big
Three of Versailles.

Such a figure did Lloyd: George cut
from 1917 to 1919, so familiar became

British Combine
Lloyd George goes into history

his agile, gray-coated frame, his shining
pink cheeks and white locks, that it was
difficult even for those with long memo-
ries to realize that those years were mere-
ly the climax to other years of fighting
which took him from the dingy suburbs
of his birthplace, Manchester, to be the
first Prime Minister without the tradition-
al benefits of money, social connections,
or an old school tie.

Losing his father when he was eighteen
months old, and raised by a shoemaker
uncle “on hard work and half an egg on
Sundays,” he arrived in the House of
Commons, by way of a small law prac-
tice, at 27. He was ultra-radical, class
conscious, the vindictive and vocal enemy
of privilege and vested interest—except-
ing any he might claim for himself.

Slumps in Dukes: Immediately, he
launched attacks on established institu-
tions, slashing mercilessly at the liquor
trade, expenses of royalty, capitalists,
landlords, the Church of England—of
which he remarked “her mother: was a
harlot, her father an adulterer.”

In 1908, as Chancellor of the Ex-

Apri, 2, 1945 * 61

chequer, he took his revenge against the
upper classes with the celebrated “Peo-
ple’s Budget.” It was debated in Com-
mons for 78 days with 550 different
votes. When it was through committee,
Lloyd George announced: “They prophe-
sied it would paralyze business. They
are wrong. Only one stock has gone down
badly. There is a great slump in dukes.”

Praying for more trouble, when the
tax bill was through Commons he de-
clared: “The Lords may decree a revo-
lution, but the people will direct it.” As
he hoped, the House of Lords vetoed the
budget and the Liberals closed in. The
Parliament Bill of 1911 reduced the
House of Lords to an advisory counter-
weight. Lloyd George emerged as the
most conspicuous and probably the most
hated man in England.

Once war came it changed his entire
nature. Here was no class or party issue.
The nation was in peril, and he immedi-
ately decided he was the only man who
could save it. He picked on Prime Minis-
ter Asquith as the stumbling block and
proceeded to get rid of him—a_ process
requiring two years.

When he became Prime Minister, the
interests of Britain and Lloyd George
became identical. At 10 Downing Street
he proceeded to run all the ministries
and Britain’s war. When it was over he
took special pride in three achievements:
Breaking the “western front” mentality in
the army, establishing unified command
under Marshal Ferdinand Foch, _ and
helping to bring over the American Ex-
peditionary Force. .

Peace and Eclipse: With the Armi-
stice of November 1918 the impulse
waned. Lloyd George reverted to the
“se politician. Insisting on.a general election

and rubber stamping his candidates, he
asked for support of himself, not of any
ning policy. He got it in the most nondescript
group of amateurs ever to lounge on the
emo- (gy benches of Westminster.
atl At Versailles he put on a mercurial
ating performance. Both Wilson and Clemen-
¥ ae ceau knew precisely what they wanted,
. the ig though they agreed on few points. Lloyd
a George had only the vaguest notion of
ae what he was after and, in the main, spent
” @ his time throwing up suspension. bridges
teen |g between Wilson’s idealism and Clemen- : ;
aker ceau’s realism. et ae 200 Vol oh \pak ayy pays yey
g on Through the national strike of 1919 7 ae
e of jg and the economy campaign his govern-
prac- f™ ment wallowed almost without direction,
class jg ‘nally splitting into its proper parts over
iemy [™ the threat of war with Turkey. On Oct.
19, 1922, he resigned the office of Prime
3 Minister never to come back.
In opposition he became pathetic po-
, he litically but never personally, His Liber-
stitu- ff ls, caught between a revived Conserva-
quor tive and the growing Labor group
lists, which stole all their thunder, dwindled
d—of to a respectable club, useful to either
as a {™ Side in an emergency. He finally gave
? his leadership to me “the father
the House” ‘and Elder Statesman.

1 ft
eee

Wide World
Squeeze-Players: Hepburn (left) and Jolliffe force an Ontario election

NEwswEEK, ApriL 2, 1945

¢° CANADIAN WEEK °*

‘seiesiah TREES

Mitch's Election

When Mitchell F. Hepburn, former
Ontario Premier, returned last fall from
two years of political retirement (NEws-
WEEK, Oct. 16; Dec. 18, 1944), he found
a curious polftical situation that was
much to his liking.

Premier George A. Drew’s Progressive-
Conservatives had been in power since
August 19438, but without a majority of
seats in the legislature. Drew stayed in
as long as the socialist CCF party and
the Liberal party were willing. Hepburn
knew all he had to do to climb back into
the national spotlight was have his fif-
teen other Liberal members vote with
the CCF’s 32 and defeat Drew, who
could muster only 38 government votes.
Last week he pulled the chair from un-
der Drew.

Hepburn’s Liberals supported ‘a CCF
amendment condemning the Drew gov-
ernment for failing to implement all its
election promises, for its attitude toward
national unity (a reference to Drew’s
attack on the federal government’s baby
bonus scheme), and its failure to make
adequate plans for postwar employment.
The Hepburn-contrived vote: 51 to 36.

Thereupon Drew announced that Lt.
Gov. Albert Matthews had consented to
dissolve the 21st Ontario Legislature. The
election would be held soon, probably
in June, certainly before the federal elec-
tion this summer.

Significance --—-

CCF Leader E. B. Jolliffe was not too
happy about an election this year. He
said an election was not necessary after

Drew’s defeat (he wanted to form a
new. minority government himself), and

SEDER a

he was on record as opposed to any coali-
tion. His prospects at the polls were
doubtful. Hepburn’s object in making an
election necessary was clear: He hoped
to draw strength from the CCF and he
gambled on his personal’ popularity to
swing Ontario back to the Liberals, who
were in power under his leadership for
eight years. He may have gambled
wrong. The chances of the Drew gov-
ernment’s being returned to power were
generally considered excellent.

No Takers

Even before Pearl Harbor, British Co-
lumbia found its 22,000 Japanese “diffi-
cult” neighbors and business competitors.
Since 1942 other provinces have accept-
ed some 7,000 West Coast Japs “for
the duration.” And last week British
Columbians jubilantly hailed the federal
government’s new postwar plan to move
most of the 15,000 still in the interior of
he back to Japan or elsewhere in Can-
ada. ;

Starting April 9, a Royal Canadian
Mounted Police detachment will canvass
all British Columbia Japs more than 16
years old. They will be asked whether
they wish to be repatriatéd to japan
after the war (with free passage and cash
settlement of property holdings) or to
settle’ elsewhere in Canada (with free
transport and cash aids). Failure to ac-
cept either of these offers, the British
Columbia Security Commission warned,
might be regarded later by a proposed
loyalty tribunal “as evidence of lack of
cooperation with the Government of
Canada.” Japs in other provinces will be
canv later.

But British Columbians were sobered —

‘was one hope

by doubts about whether the plan would
work; Premier Maurice Duplessis
promptly said Quebec would not accept
any Japs; Saskatchewan was willing to
cooperate only if all other provinces
did; and Ontario and Manitoba quickly
pointed out they had not been consulted
and had ideas of their own. There was
another serious difficulty: The United
Nations would have to approve.

For all Jap-hating Canadians, there
sign: A preliminary sur-
vey indicated between 4,000 and 10,000
of Canada’s Jap population would choose
to go back to Japan. Most of the re-
mainder are Canadian-bom or natural-
ized citizens.

King Listens

As the final session of the nineteenth
Parliament was opened at Ottawa last
week, Prime Minister Mackenzie King
was Calling the tune, as usual: He would
name Canada’s delegates to the United
Nations conference at San Francisco after
—and not before—he had heard what
members of the House of Commons had
to say about his conference plans.

King soon found that most party lead-
ers and members agreed with him (1)
that Canada should support a collective
world security scheme, and (2) that the
five great powers should be urged to
give the fighting small nations (such as
Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, and
Brazil) a voice in United Nations de-
cisions to apply military or economic
sanctions in proportion to their war roles.

Where criticism arose it was chiefly
along familiar party lines: Progressive-
Conservatives, who have been voicing
their empire sentiments on the conscrip-
tion issue, feared King was becoming
lukewarm about commonwealth | ties.
They cited the fact that Canada will be
the only dominion without a top-ranking
representative at the empire conference
in London which will precede the United
Nations meeting. Socialist CCF Leader
M. J. Coldwell was solidly behind King’s
proposals. Four extreme nationalist Que-
bec members declared they would vote
against Canada’s being represented at
San Francisco or taking part in the world
security scheme.* —

After listening to these speeches there
was little doubt King would be able to
make good his promise of a nonpartisan
delegation to the conference. One guess
was that it would include, in addition to
King and Cabinet representatives: Gordon
Graydon, Progressive-Conservative House
leader, Coldwell, Mrs. Cora Casselman,
Liberal M.P.; Sen. J. H. King, govern-
ment leader in the Senate, and Sen.
C. C. Ballantyne, Progressive-Conserva-
tive leader.

*Emest Bertrand, French-Canadian Minister of
Fisheries, commented: “If they are against war they
be in favor of an organization to prevent it.
The class of people to whom these gentlemen are
appealing have only one definite article in their pro-
= separation of Quebec from the rest of
ada. That is a program that would im-
mediate civil war if Quebec tried to enforce it.”

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¢ PAN AMERICAN WEEK °*

Belize: Who Owns It?

Who owns British Honduras? This
perennial question was raised again by
the new Guatemalan constitution, which
came in with the recently inaugurated
administration of President Juan José
Arévalo. Its’ first article claims that Brit-
ish Honduras, or Belize, is Guatemalan
territory. <

The British Government reacted im-
mediately. The claim was unjustifiable,
London said. Belize is British territory;
its borders were clearly defined in the
agreement of 1859, ratified by both Brit-
ain and Guatemala. The inclusion of the
claim in the new Guatemalan constitu-
tion, the British note warned, would “in-
jure the friendly relations which have
existed for a long time between the two

countries now faced with a common

enemy.”

But the Guatemalan Government
would have none of this. The 1859 agree-
ment was invalid, it replied, because the
British had not fulfilled the provisions of
Article 7 which provided that the British
construct a highway from the Atlantic
coast to Guatemala City. Each side said
the other had ignored proposals to sub-
mit the question to arbitration.

The Guatemalans did make one con-
cession. In view of the great war effort
of the British people in defense of human
dignity and freedom, they said,
and because of the grave re-
sponsibilities this war has im-
posed upon both nations, discus-
sion of Belize will be suspended
until after the war. But “this at-
titude does not mean Guate-
mala is relinquishing its rights.”

Pirates’ Rights: ‘Great Brit-
ain has had-a foothold in Cen-
tral America ever since the sev-
enteenth century. At that time
buccaneers from Jamaica turned
to cutting dyewoods on the
mainland whenever piracy on
the high seas became unprofit-
able or too dangerous. Small
British ‘settlements were estab-
lished on the Mosquito Coast
of Nicaragua and Honduras, on
the Bay Islands off the Hon-
duran coast, and in Belize, and
the Spanish were never able to
posh them out. After years of

iplomatic negotiation the Brit-
ish withdrew from Honduran
and Nicaraguan territory, but
Belize was maintained as a Brit-
ish colony. Belize is chiefly im-
portant as a source of mahogany
and chicle.

The rival claims of Guate-
mala and Britain to this terri-
tory add up to one of the most _

.was aimed at disruptin

involved and difficult legal and interna-
tional issues on record. Guatemala admits
that Belizé was ceded to Britain in 1859.
But .it holds that this cession has been
invalidated through Britain’s noncompli-
ance with its terms. The situation there-
fore ‘reverts, in Guatemala’s opinion, to
what it was before 1859, when the Brit-
ish had no sovereign rights but, by agree-
ment with Spain, were permitted to cut
timber in Belize.

Guatemala’s counterclaim is a mat-
ter of national sentiment, unrelated to
the character of the government in pow-
er. The issue was last raised actively in
1938 by the former dictator Gen. Jorge
Ubico; it is now renewed by the first
democratic regime the country h-- en-
joyed in fourteen years.

Colombia Lines Up

If Colombia’s recent “cathedral organ
conspiracy” (NEWSWEEK, March 19)
or preventing
elections, it failed notably. More than
half a million voters voted in complete
calm on March 18 and elected the entire
Chamber of Deputies (131 members)
and the legislatures of the country’s
fourteen departments. (The present Sen-
ate still has two years to go.)

The campaign had been intense but
the voting was light. Incomplete figures

indicated a two-to-one victory for the

‘Liberals. This would give them about

the same representation they have in the -
present Chamber, which is made up of
86 Liberals, 44 Conservatives, and one
Communist. The Communists, inciden-
tally, polled the largest vote in their his-
tory—about 25,000.

Presidential Preview: Campaign in-
terest centered on the fact that the elec-
tion would be a preview of the 1946
Presidential poll. Now the Liberal depu-
ties elected last week will form the bulk
of the national convention which in July
will pick a candidate to succeed Presi-
dent Alfonso Lépez. The Liberal candi-
date would be a top-heavy choice, so
the allegiance of the new deputies will
point out the likely winner.

Two names stand out: Gabriel Turbay,
44-year-old physician and former Am-
bassador to Washington, and Darw
Echandia, 47, who served as. Acting
President during the kidnapping -of
Lépez last summer and earlier while
Lépez was on leave of absence in the
United States. Turbay: has the support
of party leaders while Lépez favors the
more leftist Echandia.

Turbay appears the likely winner. The
newspaper La Razén of Bogota claimed
he would have two-thirds of the conven-
tion votes in July.

Significance -——

More important to the Liberal party
than its candidate was the establishment
of unity in 1946; party leaders stressed

this aim throughout the cam-
paign.

Party cohesion has never been
strong in Colombia, and the Lib-
eral party—in power for the past
fifteen years—in particular has
been torn by dissension because
of its diverse elements: industrial

‘and commercial : interests, © or-
ganized labor, and.other middle-
and working-class groups. Co-
lombian liberalism includes, in
fact, all the elements which make
up a modern capitalist .democ-
racy. Opposed to them are the
Conservatives, who represent
the old feudal Colombia of ‘the
great landowners.

Great efforts have been made
recently to reknit party ranks
weakened by the stress and strain
that filled the somewhat stormy
Lépez’s second term: which be-
gan in the summer of 1942. Tur-
bay egy meg grok? gs Wash-
ington for ific purpose
of peacemaking. His middle-of-
the-road position and his _pres-
tige within the party would make
him a natural standard-bearer
for compromise. The election is ©
still months away, but the Lib-
winds defines progeiee weal
made definite progress a
united front. ms

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NEWSWEEK, APRIL 2, 1945

” The Retail Picture Seen Dinly:

Less Meat, Clothing, Everything

But Patient Housewives
Skimp and Hope as Washington
Awaits News on Problem |

A reassuring ‘word was in order. Presi-
dent Roosevelt wanted to say it, to relieve
the public mind about the food problem.
But he canceled his regular Friday news
conference last week and kept his aides
busy hunting words and figures to use in
his next date with the press.

On Capitol Hill, the food problem was
discussed in a worried tone of voice.
Every member of Congress now realized
that the voter back home was caught in
the tightest civilian squeeze of the war.
Investigations were approved in short
order. But despite the sudden concern in
Washington, family adjustments were be-
ing made almost without pain. Mom still
went to market with more patience than
panic.

Mrs. Brooklyn Goes to Market:
Family secrets of a Brooklyn, N. Y.,
housewife give hints on how it is done:

Mrs. Brooklyn is typical because her

main buying problem is meat. She has
had no steak for a year, and neither ham
nor bacon in the last five or six months.
On three or four meatless days each
week, she serves soup, fish, eggs, or baked
lima beans.

Two months ago her favorite meat
market and delicatessen began to be strict
about point collections, but old customers
and those willing to pay tips still get a
“break.” One day Mrs. Brooklyn found
nineteen red stamps, worth 190 points.
The family enjoyed butter for weeks.

Last week the Brooklyn family was in
a footwear crisis. The two boys, 4 and 6,
badly needed shoes although each had
a new pair only two months ago. Mom
had been saving the family’s only coupon
for a pair she needed herself.

Moreover, the boys’ clothing required
a lot of shopping around; she found
prices high and quality lower. And she
thought house dresses had doubled in

price the last year. Little purchases were .

irritating: A broom used to cost 69 cents
and now is $1.98. -

Elsewhere millions of families were
getting along about so-so with the civil-
ian-goods pinch that had been widely ad-
vertised by Washington: .

@ A typical family in Detroit could

Newsweek
What the housewife finds: Meat market line-up in Brooklyn 30 minutes before opening

have meat three times a week. Sirloin
steak was available at nine red points
and about 60 cents a pound. Across the
river in Windsor, Ont., meat and poultry
were plentiful, but the two-way bus trip
takes four hours. Ground. round steak
was 24 cents a pound in Windsor, 15
cents cheaper than the price in a Detroit
super-market. Customs officers at the
bridge, required to weigh Canadian-
bought meat and collect points, were
sometimes “lenient.”

@ A Los Angeles accountant was driving
his Model. A Ford 15 miles daily, com-
muting to a plumbing-supply house. His
family had meat twice a week—utility-
grade beef or lamb. A replacement wring-
er on their washing machine made black
marks on the laundry. ;

The Outlook: Washington thought

-the civilian squeeze had gone about as

far as it could go. Informed guessing,
however, indicated the pinch would con-
tinue or increase in some directions:
Meat—The April-May-June supply is
expected to be the lowest in ten years.
Army buying has stepped up to fill longer

supply lines and help feed growing num-

bers of prisoners. There is likely to be a
systematic government effort to bring all
meat processing under government in-
spection, where the Office of Price Ad-
ministration can see what is going on.
Driving—Tire and repair-part shortages
will cramp civilian driving more than
gasoline rationing in the next few months.
The gasoline supply may improve after
V-E Day. Limited auto production may
begin late this year, for essential, drivers.
Household equipment — Washing ma-
chines, mechanical refrigerators, and vac-
uum cleaners are out of production. There
is limited output of electric irons (800,-
000 last year although 2,100,000 were
scheduled), ranges, alarm clocks, and
baby carriages, but demand is far ahead
of supply.
Clothing—The OPA figures the 1945
supply ought to equal that of 1944, but
ilitary demand for cotton and woolen
textiles is on the upswing and the indus-
try is in no mood to comply with new
regulations that aim to divert production
to lower price lines. Rayon stocking out-
put may not exceed 50 per cent of the
1944 level. Cotton hosiery for adults
probably will disappear from the market.

Significance ————
The military situation, of course, con-
tinues to be the deciding factor. Outright

. condemnation of what some government

officials privately termed military
overbuying has been avoided because of

‘ fear that anyone who made such an accu-

sation would be branded “unpatriotic.”
This fear, indicated in decisions to in-
vestigate rather than to make any.sudden
policy change, is based on painful mem-
ory. Late last year partial reconversion
and easing up on civilian goods had to
be dropped suddenly because of the suc-
cessful German counterattacks in Bel-

‘

“But you've got to get here tomorrow!”

“I'm trying, hon! Sweating it out right here in the railroad station—while

“Been right on schedule—all they watch for a last-minute cancellation .. .”

the way from New Guinea. Will He Get to His Own Wedding?

But now—I'm stuck. THAT DEPENDS on whether someone realizes this:

“The only train home until Half the Pullman fleet of sleeping cars is still in troop

morning is the All-Pullman service. The other half is carrying more passengers than

Limited. And it's sold out. So the whole fleet carried in peacetime. Prompt cancella- .

is the plane. tion of unwanted space is necessary to prevent wasting

“But listen, hon. There’s still accommodations that people need.

a chance that therailroad and — So please—when your plans change—cancel well in advance

Pullman people will get me on that train. of train departure and make the Pullman bed reserved for

“} told them why it’s important and they've practically YOU available to someone else—possibly a serviceman.
tied themselves in knots trying to help. That's why I'm —_& KEEP ON BUYING WAR BONDS —KEEP ON KEEPING THEM %

PULLMAN

For more than 80 years, the greatest name in passenger transportation

@ Busy with its war job, now—but look- them—the Duplex-Roomettecar—you'll
ing forward to the day when new-type have a private room for little, if any, more
Pullman cars go into service. In one of than a lower berth costs now! © 1906, tHe PULLMAN COMPANY

earnest wert as

68 BUSINESS

gium. Everybody is leaning over back-
ward to avoid another wave of premature
reconversion planning.

Lend-Lease and its repercussions in
world politics complicate the food situa-
tion in this country, but the basic facts
haven’t been clearly established. Prime

Minister Churchill said England’s stock of -

food totaled less than 6,000,000 tons, not
700,000,000 tons as reported in America.
When our Lend-Lease meat shipments
were reduced by 87% per cent, Minister
of Production Oliver Lyttelton immedi-
ately got ready to leave for Washington.
However, Britain caneget more meat from
Australia and New Zealand, whose gov-
ernments indicated willingness to reduce
their own supplies, and from Canada and
Argentina.

Rubber Czar No. 2

The first time that the government’s
synthetic-rubber program began to ail,
William M. Jeffers, Rubber Czar No.
1, pulled it through. Last week trou-
ble came back. J. A. Krug, War Pro-
duction Board chairman, drafted Presi-
dent John L. Collyer from the B. F.
Goodrich Co. and in effect crowned him
Rubber Czar No. 2.

To break the carbon-black and tire-
cord bottleneck (NEWSWEEK, March 19)
during his three-month term, Collyer will
act with Krug’s full authority. He can
forget about red tape.

This suits Collyer. During his 28 years
in the rubber business he has spent little
time on paper work. When he switched
from managing director of the Dunlop
Rubber Co., Ltd., to Goodrich in 1989,
he ordered Goodrich executives to clear
their desks every evening before they left.
More than a year before Pearl Harbor he
decided it was high time to dramatize the
fact that America was vulnerable with
respect to its Far Eastern natural-rubber
supply. At a Goodrich-product display in
New York, Collyer set up a large back-
drop showing a rubber-laden Freighter
bound for the United States. His guests
watched the ship explode and sink be-
low the cardboard waves in a puff of
smoke.

Just Turn a Dial, Maw

The postwar dream home is a night-
mare to the building contractor, the
home-equipment dealer, and the build-
ing-supply man. They agree that the
early postwar house will be pretty much
the 1941 model, with a — — tag
to reflect higher wages. They fear that
the shock over what the public will
actually get the first year or so after
the war may deflate the anticipated
boom in home construction.

Manpower and labor have not been
available to develop the wonderful new
ideas the householder hears about. At-
tractive new designs on paper must go
through a business clinic: Will they
work? Will the public like them better

bbe]

ee
A OTHER KITCHEN ANT! QUES

than established products? Can they
be sold at competitive prices and to
how many people? Months or years may
be needed to get the right answers.

Ever See a Dream Cooking? An
apostle of the dream-debunking doctrine
is S. A. Mullikin, earnest, 35-year-old
sales and advertising manager of the
Schaible Co., (pronounced Shy-bl), Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, makers of valves and fit-
tings. His latest brain child, a “postwar
faucet kitchen,” with mother operating
the equipment from a cockpit, makes fun
of daydreaming in general and the super-
mechanized kitchen in particular. Con-
struction men and trade publications
have expressed enthusiastic approval of
Mullikin’s fun-poking.

Mullikin’s housing experience dates
back to 1989, when he conceived a new
approach to selling Gunnison prefabri-
cated houses. Nearly all inquiries from

rospective customers, he found, came
from people who didn’t have enough
money to buy new housing. The Mullikin
plan, which sold 80 Gunnison houses in

e Cincinnati area for Harold Comey,
disregarded the low-income group and
concentrated on de luxe models ead qual-
ity appeal. Comey’s prices, Mullikin re-
lated, were about 20 per cent above those
of competing houses fabricated at the
site. The M selling method, which
he called “up-scaling,” aimed to build up
the idea that prefabricated houses were
rich-looking, comfortable, and permanent.

Mullikin’s new crazy kitchen began as
a good-will idea, aimed at the building
trades, to “downscale” futuristic adver-
tising by means of ridicule. A giant fau-
cet and cup strainer represent Schaible
products, which go to building contrac-
tors through jobbers. Having finally
ceased all civilian production late last

ear Schaible, like the civilian home
builders, had nothing to sell the civil-
ian market. Mullikin sympathized with

the builders’ complaint that advertisers
who had no obligation to build- houses
and household equipment ought not to
publicize dreamy designs. -

. ». The AP Did: The danger in using
a ridiculous picture to deb a dream,
Mullikin acknowledged,. is that some
people may mistake the ridicule for seri-
ous work. The Associated Press feature
service, for example, carried a picture of
the Schaible “Kitchen of Day-After-To-
morrow,” along with 4 serious story ad-
vising housewives that their postwar
kitchen will have several advantages over
the prewar model, perhaps with stove,
sink, and refrigerator designed as a unit
and placed in the middle of the floor
to give more wall space.

The Zenith Radio Corp. also used the
cartoon technique of debunking radical
design nearly two years ago. It was an
artist's nightmare of a postwar radio,
all for $14.92 less 40 per cent discount
(NEWSWEEK, June 7, 1948). Dealers,
department-store buyers, automobile ex-
ecutives, refrigerator and washing-ma-

_ Chine makers thought it was about time
‘somebody did this but two people took it
seriously:
@ A Zenith dealer in Wisconsin thought
it was a new kind of juke box and sent
in his check for $14.92 less discount.
@ A dealer near Syracuse, N. Y., wanted
more information.

Gilding the Lily Bulb
In 1941 a Detroiter headed West with
his wife, children, and sinus trouble. He
settled in Harbor, Ore., lived in a tent,
and planted 4 acres of Easter-lily bulbs
on shares. He has since bought the land
and rolled up a healthy bank account.
This year he will clear $20,000 on bulbs.
This Pacific Northwest success story
was luring get-rich-quickers to the latest
‘ war bonanza last week. Excited by tales

a iE CUPS

*‘We’re essential war workers. We can’t afford ‘to be home ill.

So — especially:when colds and flu are all around — it’s just

common sense to drink from a cup no other lips have touched.”

70 BUSINESS

of lily-bulb crops worth $28,000 an acre,
they bid some hand up to $3,000 an acre.
Before the war it was worth a few dollars.
Japan had dominated the American
lily-bulb market, sending in about 20,-
000,000 a year at 6 to 9 cents to compete
with home-grown varieties costing 9 to
11 cents. Since Pearl Harbor, domestic
roduction has climbed to only 3,000,000
bulbs a year. With this short supply and
a record demand from florists, who were
charging $1.50 for a lily bloom last week,
the bulb price shot up to 80 cents ‘last
year. and $1 this year. :
The result has been a clean-up for the
veteran grower who knows how to work
the Northwest’s volcanic ash soil. He
plants an adult bulb in September and
removes four to ten bulblets the follow-
ing summer. Some he sells for about 20
cents each; the rest he plants. He lets the
parent bulb mature for another year, then
sells it for $1, and harvests more bulblets.

Meanwhile, the first-crop bulblets have

become yearlings and in turn have little
ones,

The process goes on and on, provided
the bulbs survive disease, insects, and
occasional foul weather. Beginners will-
ing to take a chance are warned by Fed-
eral and state farm bureaus: “If you can’t
afford to lose everything you put in, don’t
do it.” When and if imports from Japan
are resumed, they say, the lily-bulb bub-

’ ble will burst.

NewsweEEK, APrit 2, 1945

Guaranteed Annual Wage: Security
for Labor or Straitjacket for All?

Two weeks ago the twelve members
of the board created to advise War
Mobilizer James F. Byrnes pleaded wist-
fully for something to do, even though
“Byrnes doesn’t have to listen to us if he
doesn’t want to.” Last week they had
more than they wanted. President Roose-
velt told them to find out whether labor
could be guaranteed peacetime wages
covering 40 hours’ work every week in
the year.

Chairman O. Max Gardner, a textile
manufacturer of Shelby, N.C., assigned
the study to a committee of advisory-
board members: Philip Murray, . president
of the CIO; Eric Johnston, president of
the United States Chamber of Commerce;
Albert Goss, master of the National
Grange; and Mrs. Anna Rosenberg, New
York regional director of the War Man-
power Commission.

Murray in particular knew what they
were getting into. A year ago his United
Steelworkers had raised the annual-wage
issue by demanding that 86 steel com-
panies promise protection against seasonal
and depression layoffs to 400,000 work-
ers (NEwsweEEK, April 10, 1944). At that
time, the War Labor Board found annual
wages “unworkable” in the steel indus-

Last of the Crop:
1944 crop last week.

Triangle

Tobacco growers were winding up the sale of their record
At this auction in Winston-Salem, N.C., and at others in the

Southeast’s rich tobacco belt, growers have realized $825,000,000 since last Decem-
ber. Smokers will get none of the crop until it ages at least twelve months. This
year’s planting, 1,781,900 acres, represents a 4 per cent increase over last year.

of men could ask for..

try, but the WLB liked the general idea
so much that it suggested a national
study.

Who Wants It: The committee can
skip a lot of legwork. A new report by the
Department of Labor showed that of
8,000,000 wage earners included in a -
survey of wage and hour contracts, only
42,500 had some form of wage or em-
ployment guarantee. And of the latter,

- only about 12,500 worked for manu-

facturing companies. The Department of
Labor recommended that guarantees cov
er a minimum of 52 weeks or 2,080 hours
a year.

This would please the CIO, which has
made the annual wage a major postwar
goal. Practically all CIO unions now
make the demand in opening contract
negotiations, and, no matter what the
President’s committee finds, the CIO in-
tends to continue pushing the idea. Most
AFL unions show less interest. —

Nor has the annual wage appealed, in
the past, to John L. Lewis, who has re-
ferred to it as socialistic. For that reason
Washington labor observers could see lit-
tle chance of an annual-wage compromise
in the contract deadlock between the
United Mine Workers and the mine own- |

ers. Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins

made such a proposal for the first time in -
the coal-contract negotiations of 1941. It
wa both Lewis and the mine owners
co :

Significance

Whether or not 60,000,000 jobs turn up
after the war, organized labor wants long-
term job security. Progressive manage-
ment, likewise anxious to stabilize em-
ployment and buying power, wonders
who will do the guaranteeing. Private
employers can live up to a formal wage
“saggete only as long as their customers

uy regularly. Thereafter, the govern-
ment would have to take over the obliga-

‘ tion. And to pay off, the government

might have to straitjacket the entire econ-
omy, labor included. .Finding the answer
is about as. tough a problem as any group

The Right Tack

To prove that the previous manage-

-ment of the Atlas Tack Corp. had not set

aside enough money for depreciation,
President Sherman H. Bowles got down
to brass tacks in his annual report to
stockholders: “The roof of the*Fairhaven
plant has so many leaks you can’t count
them all, and the floor is falling in all.over
the building. The sides of two of the
boilers are caving in. The machinery is
mostly very old and something falls in
pieces almost every day.”

—— a

sepsis 3

DISTILLERS PRODUCTS CORPORATION, N. Y.

BLENDED WHISKEY.

86.6 PROOF.

49% GRAIN NEUTRAL SPIRITS.

What a guy that Jack-of-the-bean-
stalk must have been! And though
I’m only a peace-loving pup, the
folks think I’m just as much a hero.
That’s because, when they put in
Bryant automatic gas heating and
made me furnace man, we too put
the kayo on a big, bad hombre
called Old Man Winter.

From the first chilly day right
through the cold season, I keep
every room comfy. My Bryant gets
every possible bit of heat—cleaner,
healthier heat—from every bit of

fuel. It gives more freedom for
Pop’s easy-chair sessions, for Mom’s
playtimes with the youngsters. And,
it helped save space below decks
for a new room where we live in-
stead of labor.

You folks tired of being furnace
slaves—ask your architect, contrac-
tor or gas company about Bryant
gas heating. You'll live happier ever
after if you let the pup be furnace
man ... and that’s no fairy tale!

THE BRYANT HEATER CO., CLEVELAND, OHIO

One of the Dresser Industries

LET THE PUP BE FURNACE MAN

HEATING

NewsweEEk, Apri, 2, 1945

BUSINESS 783

BUSINESS TIDES

Have you ever sat among a
group of your friends, all of whom
were cheerful and having a good time,
then have someone join the party who
started to talk about how bad every-
thing was, and how everything was
going to pot? And have you noticed

- what a depressing effect it had upon
the group as a whole—how

Let’s Stop Having Postwar Nightmares

by RALPH ROBEY

And on every side there will be a
demand for these goods. Try to think
of something in which there is not a
civilian shortage today. We need, or
at least want to buy and can’t, wash-
ing machines, automobiles, shirts,
suits, food, radios, lumber, metals—
almost everything that you can men-
tion. It gets a little tiresome

bh ed

pretty soon all the optimism .
disappeared and everyone
began to take a dark view of
the future and started to
worry over what could be
done about it?

That is about what has
happened to the American
public, or at least to large
sections of it, in its postwar
thinking. And it is danger-
ous business for a people to
get in such a frame of mind. It is dan-
gerous because from such a frame of
mind comes, not just caution and wise
preparation for probable contingen-
cies, but support of plans which by
their very nature will assure that the
things feared will in fact come true.

So let us stop a minute and take
stock.

At the end of the war, regardless of
how soon or how long delayed that
may be, we shall have the greatest
productive organization that the world
has ever seen. It is true that most of
this equipment at the moment is de-
voted to war production, and there
will be the problem of reconversion.
But that problem is not something to
be frightened about. In thousands of
concerns the so-called reconversion
can be done virtually overnight. All
they have to do is to start producing
to civilian specifications instead of gov-
ernment specifications. And according
to a recent survey, within two months
after the go-ahead signal is given, 95
per cent of our mantfacturing estab-
lishments will have civilian production
started and 76 per cent will already
have attained full-scale production
schedules.

But that is only the beginning. At
the end of the war we will have the
greatest force of skilled workmen in
our history. With our productive
equipment and the enormous tech-
nological advances of the war, they
will be able to turn out more goods,
and turn them out faster and on the
whole, assuming reasonable wage poli-
cies, at lower prices, than any other
nation.

=] always using the superlative,

but again—never in our his-
tory has there been such a
backlog of demand, such an
accumulation of things that
millions of our people want
to buy.

Finally is the fact that we
—that you, and I, and all
our neighbors down the
street—will have the where-
withal to buy these goods.
Not only will we have the money be-
cause production makes purchasing
power and so as we produce we will
get the means for buying, but in addi-
tion we have, as a result of high wages
and war shortages, literally scores of
billions of dollars saved up and avail-
able for buying that new automobile,
or that new home, or that electric
washing machine, and so forth.

Now all of these things are facts
—just as much facts as that Monday
follows Sunday or that Texas is one
of our 48 states. And these facts when
put together, and granting our eco-
nomic system is permitted to function,
mean prosperity and a job for ‘every-
one who wants to work.

Why, then, in the face of this, are
we as a nation in such a stew about

_ the terrible times and the awful unem-

ployment we are going to have in the
postwar period? Who started us down
that sour line of thinking? Who are
these people who have joined our
party and begun telling us that there
is nothing but trouble ahead and un-
less we do this or that, and much
more in addition, the situation is hope-
less?

You can identify these economic
crapehangers just as readily as we can,
and at the moment we are not inter-
ested in personalities. What we are
interested in is helping to bring to an
end our present national postwar
nightmare. There is absolutely no rea-
son whatever, granting wise public
policy, why the postwar problem
shouldn’t be, not where to find jobs

for our workers, but rather where to

find workers for our jobs.

IRON FIREMAN:

INSURANCE
COMPANY
Chattancoge, Tenn.

“During 13 Years

cost of repairs
has been nil”

HE record of Iron Fireman stokers
in thousands of installations can
' be ignored only by those who are
indifferent to high costs. For 13 years
Volunteer State Life achieved such
important savings in fuel, labor and
maintenance that they decided to in-
. Stall new, improved models to replace
_ the old Iron Fireman stokers. ““We feel
that our heating operation is assured
for the next 20 years,” says Mr. E. L.
Kittrell, building manager.

Iron Fireman provides a steady, de-
pendable steam supply exactly suited
to the load demand. With its clean, ©
incandescent fuel bed and its precise
automatic control of fuel and air, Iron
Fireman makes coal firing a science
rather than an art.

| Ask for Survey of YOUR Heating Plant

The Iron Fireman engineering organi-

zation, largest in the stoker industry,
_ will make a free survey of your boiler
room and tell you exactly what Iron
Fireman can do for you. Write to Iron
Fireman Manufacturing Company,
3743 W. 106th Street, Cleveland 11,
Ohio. Nationwide sales and service.

Plants in Portland, Ore.; Cleveland, Ohio; Toronto, Canada.

IRON FIREMA

Automatic Coal Stokers

h.
r

IRON FIREMAN COAL FLOW SPOKER saves labor by
feeding direct from main coal bunker. No manual coal °
handling. Automatic fuel and air controls maintain
efficient combustion, regardless of load fluctuation.

* Newsweek, Aprit 2, 1945

TRANSITION

Born: A girl, Germaine, to Jack Carson,
radio and movie comedian, and Kay St.
GERMAINE Carson, who formerly sang on
Carson’s radio show; in Hollywood,
March 238.

Married: AL Jo.son, 56, singer and
movie actor, and Erte GacsrairH, 21,
' movie extra; in Quartzsite, Ariz., March
24. Jolson met Miss Galbraith, former X-
ray technician from Hot Springs, Ark.,
on a hospital tour. He persuaded her to
go into pictures. Jolson’s three previous
marriages ended in divorce.

Associated Press

A fourth wife for Jolson

Acme

- Missed: Dr. JoserpH GoEBBELS, German
Propaganda Minister, narrowly escaped
death from a time bomb planted in his
private air-raid shelter in the Berlin sub-
urbs, according to the Stockholm Free
German Press Bureau. The bomb ex-
ploded before Goebbels arrived, killing
several of his aides. Quoting Berlin re-
ports, the bureau said the bomb had been
planted by a “special group” of German
saboteurs, supposedly in touch with the
Allied intelligence service.

Medal: Maj. GLENN MILLER, former
bandleader, missing in action since he left
England by plane last December, was
awarded the Bronze Star for meritorious
service. The medal was presented to his
wife, Mrs. Helen Miller of Tenafly, N. J.,
by Col. F. R. Kerr, acting director of the
Army Special Services Division.

Sentenced: In Newark, N.J., Cant Emin
Lupwic Krepper, 60, former Lutheran
minister, was sentenced to twelve years
in a Federal penitentiary for conspir-
acy and violation of the censorship and
sabotage statutes. Krepper was a con-
tact for Nazi spies and saboteurs in this
country (NEwsweEEK, March 5).

Lights On: In Atlantic City, N. J.,
WiLutiAM Myers, 21, an army private
who had been blinded in France, woke
in his hospital bed to find he could see
again. Able to see his girl, whom he had
met while blind, Myers proposed a sec-
ond time. The private’s left eye had been
removed; doctors said then that the right
eye would remain blind. But the diag-
nosis was faulty. Actually, Myers’s blind-
ness was hysterical, induced by shock.

His father had been
temporarily blinded
by gas in the last

war.

Vindicated: Um-
BERTO NOBILE, 60,
former Italian flier
and explorer, was
reinstated in the
Italian Air Force
with the rank of
major general in the
technical branch.
Nobile, once a de-
signer of aircraft for the Italian Govern-
ment, was the toast of Italy after his trip
to America via the North Pole in the diri-
gible Norge in 1926. When his second
polar trip in 1928 resulted in the crash of
the Italia, Nobile was retired “in dis-
grace” by an enraged Mussolini. His rein-
statement was based on a “reexamination
of the accusations leveled against Nobile
by the Fascist Government in 1929.”

Wide World

Maj. Gen. Nobile

View Halloo: In Foss, Okla., Lorp Hat-
1FAx, 638, the British Ambassador to
Washington, rode to the hounds in a
coyote hunt. He had accepted an invita-
tion extended eighteen years ago in Scot-
land by Dr. V. C. Tisdal, mayor of Elk
City. Astride a cow pony, in a saddle
whose stirrups had been let out to their
full length, Halifax commented: “A lovely
day, lovely people, lovely country—all
very jolly.” His son, Richard Wood, 24,
visited the national headquarters of The

Associated Press

Halifax and an old-timer at the hunt

Fraternity of the Wooden Leg in Sapulpa.
Wood, a member of the fraternity, lost
both legs at Alamein.

Best-Clad: In New York, the Fashion
Academy named the best-dressed woman
in each of eleven categories. The twelfth
and top award, reserved for every wom-
an in the uniformed services, went to
their representatives, Maj. Juanita Red-
mond, chief of the Army Air Forces nurs-
ing personnel division, and Lt. Gilmah
Spencer of the Navy Nurse Corps.
Other winners: Ann Sheridan, screen;
Carole Landis,
stage; Mary Liv-
ingstone, radio;
Mrs. Walter Thorn-
ton, business; Mrs.
Harmon Spencer
Auguste, society;
Vivian Chiesa, con-
cert; Nadine Con-
ner, opera; Jane
Froman, popular
music; Esmé Davis,
journalism; Mrs.
Leon Mandel, inter- -
national; Jane Wy- -
att, all-American.

European

Maj. Redmond

Died: STEvE Donocuue, 60, famous
English jockey; in London, March 23
(see page 88).

Lorp ALFRED Dovc.as, 74, author
and poet; in Lancing, Sussex, March 20.
Lord Alfred was a defense witness for
his friend Oscar Wilde in the suits and
countersuits between Lord Alfred’s fath-
er, the Marquess of Queensbury, and
Wilde. The Marquess’s contention that
Wilde had a bad influence on his son
finally led to Wilde’s imprisonment for
immorality. Considered by some critics
the best living master of the English
sonnet, Lord Alfred published a number
of books of verse.

Mrs. Rupert Hucues, 42, third wite
of the author; of an overdose of sleeping
pills, in Hollywood, March 23. Mrs.
Hughes wrote under her maiden name of
Elizabeth Patterson Dial. Hughes, 73,
believed the death was accidental, and
said his wife had “seemed in the best
of spirits.” His second wife hanged her-
self in her cabin on a round-the-world
trip for her health.

Davin, Ist Eart or Dwyror (Davin
Lioyp GeorcE), 82, former British Prime
Minister, in Ty Newydd, Llanystumdwy,
Wales, March 26 (see page 60).

Joun Hessin Cuiarke, 87, retired Su-
preme Court justice; in San Diego, Calif..
March 22. Long a crusader for peace,
Justice Clarke urged a league of nations
in 1918. In 1921, he advocated the can-
cellation of war debts as a means of pro-
moting international friendship and pros-
perity. He also defended the constitution-
ality of enlarging the Supreme Court.

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NeEwswEEK, Aprit 2, 1945

-MEDICINE

Shoulder muscles by Ralph Sweet

Skilled Hands of Medical Artists
Bring Macabre Beauty to Science

Through a mist of bluish white, a hu-
man fetus emerges from the pelvis. Lobar
pneumonia flares in violent reds and
blues, with pale green patches where in-
flammation is rising. Muted pastels—pink,
mauve, gray—portray the normal chest
and diaphragm. In magpie black and
white, a diseased larynx awaits removal.

This combination of voluptuous color
and intricate design marked the National
Medical Art Show opening last week at
the Brooklyn Public Library. Collected
by the magazine Modern Medicine, the
pictures cover a range of subjects that re-
flect the chief medical and surgical inter-
ests. The 150 line drawings, water colors,
and photographs represent the work of
26 of the 50 American men and women
who are professionally trained in this dif-
ficult and daring form—medical art.

Some of the pictures will illustrate
textbooks and articles in medical journals.
Others will hang in scientists’ laboratories
as accurate mirrors of such ailments as
meningitis, Bright’s disease, and hernia.
Many depicting ghastly wounds or op-
eration incisions will find their way in
pamphlets to war-front surgical stations.
There they will act as blueprints to guide
the recently trained assistants of battle-
rushed doctors and surgeons.

Brédel, the Master: The history of
medical art dates back to Leonardo da
Vinci, Michelangelo, and Rembrandt—
artists who knew more about anatomy
than did the doctors of their periods.

The father of medical art in America
was the kindly, curly-haired Max Brédel,
brought from Leipzig in 1894 by Dr.
Howard A. Kelly of Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity to illustrate his gynecological
studies. Brédel’s methods, followed today
by ranking medical artists, were bold
and original. Before drawing a line,
Brédel repeatedly dissected and studied
frozen sections of the body areas to be
portrayed. This preliminary work meant
greater speed, greater accuracy, and
more artistic results.

From 1894 until his death in 194],
Brédel headed the Department of Art as
Applied to Medicine at Johns Hopkins
Medical School. The position is now held
by his pupil, Ranice W. Birch. The only
other medical-art training schools are at
Massachusetts General Hospital under
Muriel McLatchie and at the University
of Illinois under Tom Jones.

' Knives and Brushes: Once trained,
the novice works with the surgeon in the
laboratory, the morgue, and the operat-
ing room. Sometimes he selects one im-

ing all clamps and wads of blood-soaked

cotton, draws with delicate precision a
bit of surgery which a full-fledged medi-
cal article could not completely present.
Such a picture is Natt Jacobs’s plastic re-
pair of a jaw following the removal of a
cancer, one of the highlights of the
Brooklyn exhibit.

Among the other exhibitors at the gal-
lery are Brédel’s daughter, Elizabeth,
who specializes at the Women’s Clinic,
New York Hospital, in obstetrical draw-
ings, and four of his best-known students:
Ranice Birch, Annette Burgess, Russell
Drake, and Armin Hemberger.

In their practiced hands, even the most
grotesque subjects take on macabre beau-
ty. Growths such as cysts are as trans-
parent as water. Tissues are soft and
spongy; muscles, tight and hard. In jewel
tones of russet and bronze, even a tu-
bercular eye has esthetic appeal.

Picking up a half-decayed gall bladder
one day, Max Brédel put it this way to
his students: “Believe me, sirs, there is
nothing that is not beautiful about the

human body.

Eve's Accursed Hormones

One patient complained of temper tan-
trums and*crying spells; another, of ab-
dominal swelling and nausea. A third
gained 7 to 8 pounds before each men-
strual period.

The cause: premenstrual tension, a dis-
tressing condition that afflicts about 40
per cent of all women and which disap-
pears at the period’s onset.

Accepted by most sufferers as Eve's
unfortunate inheritance, this cyclic dis-
turbance, which often leads to inefficiency
in business and to marital and social dis-
harmony, has been almost ignored by the
medical profession. But, since the phase
“averages five days each month,” Dr.
S. Charles Freed of San Francisco de-
clared last week in the Journal of the
American Medical Association that it be-
comes apparent that it may involve a
large economic loss where minor errors
are made in business, as well as social
difficulties and antagonisms.

Lunar Tenterhook: Freed’s report is
based on his study of 60 women patients
referred to him, mainly by psychiatrists.
Symptoms varied in intensity from nerv-
ousness, depression, bad temper, head-
ache, and nausea to “bizarre manifesta-
tions such as premenstrual coma, con-
vulsions, nymphomania, and arthritic and
neuritic pains.”

These different and often startling re-
actions come, Freed explains, from re-
tention of sodium in the tissues, induced
by the sex hormones which operate during

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the premenstrual period. In turn, the
sodium causes swelling and such dis-
comforts as migraine, resulting from dis-
tention of brain tissues, and nausea, from
intestinal swelling.

But it also appears that a second re-
sponsible factor is the increased secretion
by the ovaries of estrogen (the female
hormone) during the premenstrual period.
To offset this excessive femaleness, Dr.
Freed is now administering testosterone
(male hormones), both orally and in in-
jections. The testosterone neutralizes the
estrogens sufficiently to diminish, if not
completely destroy, the female hormone’s
effects.

Relief by Male Hormone: In the
Freed study, 30 patients received testos-
terone propionate injections in doses
from 10 to 25 milligrams on the tenth
and third days preceding the »expected
menses. The other 30 took methyl testos-
terone by mouth in daily doses of 10
milligrams, starting ten to seven days in
advance. In a few cases, testosterone in-
jections resulted in delayed menses; oth-
erwise no ill effects were noted. Most
patients received definite relief.

Because the injection method calls for
relatively frequent visits to the doctor’s
office, Freed concludes: “Oral methyl
testosterone is the surest and most con-
venient therapeutic agent” for premen-
strual distress.

In “God Is My Co-Pilot,” a prison-camp extra gets slapped by a son of heaven

MOVIES

And Warner Bros., Navigator

When the screen version of Col. Robert
L. Scott Jr.’s autobiography, “God Is My
Co-Pilot,” takes to the wild blue yonder,
it is a reasonably exciting story of air
war over China. Aground, unfortunately,
the Warner production is just another
service film, punched across by the heroic
exploits of the Georgia boy who con-
gg a one-man vendetta against the

aps.

Bob Scott, obviously, was born to fly.
As a kid he banged himself up in crash
landings with experimental umbrellas and
homemade gliders. At 18 he made the
big time in a last-war Jenny bought in
Macon for $75. Except for the required
curriculum at West Point, Scott’s Army
career has been consistently concerned
with wings: training at Randolph Field,
flying the air mail, and years of service as
instructor at flying fields throughout the
country.

When the Japs gutted Pearl Harbor,
Scott was rejected for combat pilot duty

use of his extreme old age (he was
84). Nevertheless, by diligent letter writ-
ing to influential brass hats and a spot
of white lying in the pinches, he wangled
an assignment on a B-17—one of the few
planes he had never flown before. The

- Newsweek, APRIL 2, 1945

Fortress took him to India. There, when
a projected raid over Tokyo was can.
celed, Scott was stuck hauling freight in
an unarmed Fortress to Chennault’s Fly.
ing Tigers in China. But playing sitting
duck over Burma wasn’t the role for the
man from Macon, and shortly he was
zooming a P-40 at Jap Zeros with an out-
numbered Tiger squadron. When the
USAAF took over the crack volunteer
air force in 1942, Scott stayed on as a
commander of the 28rd Flying Group.

Currently attached to General Arnold’;
staff, Colonel Scott was detailed to Holly.
wood as special adviser on his own aerial
Odyssey. As a result, “God Is My Co
Pilot” bears the unmistakable stamp of
truth. Yet, despite individual and group
heroism, the film treatment is perfunctory
and uninspired.

Director Robert Florey’s players are
credible: Dennis Morgan as Scott, Andrea
King as his wife, and Raymond Massey
as Chennault. It is less Alan Hale’s fault
than that of his comic characterizations
of the past that he is not quite credible
as a philosophical missionary priest.

All Things to Four Men

Paramount has given Joan Fontaine a
new fling at comedy, the first since she
became the screen’s perturbed, patrician
beauty (in “Suspicion,” and “French
man’s Creek”). But the light touch
doesn’t come easily to her, nor did it
apparently, to the authors of “The Affairs
of Susan.” Nevertheless everyone con-
cerned works diligently for laughs and
succeeds a good deal of the time.

Prior to the screen credits the star’
four leading men are shown harmonizing
their estimate of their heroine according
to the 1925 pop song: “If you knew Susie
like I know Susie (Oh, oh, oh, what a
girl!).” Right here the cards are stacked
against her.

Susan (Miss Fontaine) is a child of
nature from Rhode Island’s rocky coast
who becomes a Broadway star and, ap-
parently, is devastating in either role.
As a matter of fact, her personality splits
four ways, with a man to match each
mood. This phenomenon becomes evident
when Susan’s fiancé (Walter Abel) call
together Susan’s former husband (George
Brent) and two also-rans (Dennis O’Keefe
and Don DeFore) and requests a com-
posite portrait of his future wife.

In a series of flashbacks each man, of
course, pictures his beloved in a different
light. Among them they describe her
variously as regal, gracious, highly com-
plicated, simple, soothing, or disturbing.

In trying to be all things to four men,
Susan is aided by some 28 changes of
costume or approximately seven to 4
personality. Example: A sweater-front
cardigan and a dirnd] dinner dress accent
the naive and girlish Susan. Subsequent
changes of character and costume make
Susan the super-sophisticate, the un
intellectual, and finally the well-ad
woman of the world.

CUONS

Ol in an Cy» an OO)

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Chicago Tribune

Skeezix becomes a papa but not a casualty—and Cartoonist King can count

THE PRESS

It’s a Boy

For weeks, large numbers of the na-
tion’s comic-strip audience have felt like
prospective parents or grandparents. The
reason: the imminent birth of a first child
to Skeezix Wallet, the foundling of Gaso-
line Alley who grew up and went to war,
and his bride, Nina.

Last week, Skeezix addicts were anx-
ious for another reason. Dorothy Kilgal-
len, Broadway columnist of The New
York Journal-American, printed a recur-
‘ring rumor that Skeezix would die in bat-
tle and his child grow up in his place.

A wave of protests followed, and Chi-
cago Tribune-New York News Syndicate
officials went out of their way to put
Skeezix fans at ease. In the tones of an
outraged grandmother, Assistant Man-
ager Mollie Slott denied that Skeezix will
die and produced in support a telegram
from Frank King, the cartoonist. “Sounds
like.a Hirohito plot,” he wired.

Miss Slott went further. She an-
nounced (1) that Skeezix’s and Nina’s
child will be born on April 1 (Easter
Sunday and April Fools’ Day), (2) will
be a boy (already dubbed “Chipper”),
and (8) will weigh a hefty 8 pounds 10
ounces. (Next Monday’s strip will reveal
all this.) Then to silence any other skep-
tics, Miss Slott released an advance strip

- showing Emily, Doc’s wife, telling off the
months since Nina’s marriage last June
{see cut).

His Own Money

Smith Davis of Cleveland, Ohio, is a
super-salesman of newspapers who has
been in on most of the big publishing
deals of the last ten years. Last week,
Davis was in onthe sale of two more
dailies. But this time there was no bro-
kerage fee. He bought for himself a neat
little newspaper monopoly in Spartan-
burg, S. C.—the moming Herald and the

evening Journal—from the International
Paper Co. for approximately $750,000.

The affable, boyish-looking, and husky
Smitty Davis (now 43) had made and
saved $5,000 in his native East ‘Liver-
pool, Ohio, by the ‘time he entered West-
ern Reserve University at Cleveland in
1920. At college he studied little, but at-
tended classes, played football, basket-
ball, and baseball, and was graduated in
1924, Like most collegians of the ’20s
he started to sell bonds. By 1927, he
was representing Hord, Curtiss & Co.
(now Curtiss, House), of Cleveland on
the New York Stock Exchange.

In 1929, at 27, Davis was worth $500,-
000. “All I knew about the stock market
was that it went up, you bought stocks
and made money,” he recalls. He went
broke in the crash and returned to bond

Broker Davis branches out

NEwswEEK, APRIL 2, 1945

selling. The good market he found for
bonds of the Brush-Moore newspapers
during the depression turned him to
newspaper financing in 1936.

Turning "Em Over: Davis’s first big
deal came a year later when he bought
The Miami Herald from Frank B. Shutts
for $2,500,000 he didn’t have. “But I
figured Jack [John S.] Knight [who had
just inherited The Akron Beacon-Journal
from his father] ought to have it.” Davis
sold The Herald to Knight. He has mid-
wifed every deal since for Knight, who
now also owns The Detroit Free Press
and The Chicago Daily News.

Davis bought The Atlanta Journal for
James M. Cox, The Indianapolis Star for
Eugene Pulliam, refinanced The Phila-
delphia Record for J. David Stern, and
had a hand in the merger of The Rich-
mond (Va.) News Leader and Times-
Dispatch.

Last week, Davis, now reputedly
worth $2,000,000, hoped his Spartan-
burg deal was the start of a string of his
own newspapers. He sent the South
Carolina-born William Townes, 34-year-
old ex-Nieman scholar and assistant city
editor of The Cleveland Press, to Spar-
tanburg to run the papers. Then he
looked around for more. But he intended
to stick with newspaper brokering too.

In the Clapper Tradition

Raymond P. (Pete) Brandt, chief of
The St. Louis Post-Dispatch’s Washing-
ton bureau since 1934, last week won the
newest and already one of the most cov-
eted prizes in journalism: the first annual
Raymond Clapper Memorial award of
$500 and a scroll. 7

The award was set up last year, shortly
after the noted columnist was killed in the
invasion of the Marshall Islands. It goes
to the Washington reporter whose work
most closely resembles Clapper’s in fair-
ness, thoroughness, craftsmanship, and
public enlightenment.

Brandt was the unanimous choice of
the five judges.* His Washington col-
leagues ratified it thunderously with a
standing ovation as the 49-year-old, red-
haired Post-Dispatch ace received the
award from President Roosevelt at the
White House Correspondents Association
dinner. His citation read “In a year of
many obstructions to the flow of news,
he consistently . . . strove [for] a fair and
discerning account of social and political
trends in the national capital.”

Mad Money

In eleven years with Scripps-Howard.
Columnist Westbrook Pegler often raged
as violently, but not as publicly, at the
editing of his copy as he did at labor

the ATC. Am g a
ees that are helping to Leck the

$s of Americans . throug
world: is the Curtiss C-46 Commando.

i TheU.S. Nev. 's Martin Mars,world’s.

boat, is ‘powered. with
= one engines harnessed
Cartiss electric propellers.

-fourths of all the supplies flown.
” into China have been:

by Curtiss Commandos. —

AN AMAZING STORY OF
AIR TRANSPORT AT WAR

Barely five years have elapsed since the first trans-
Atlantic airline schedule was announced. It offered three
trips a week to Europe by air! Today, the big pond is a
short haul, and countries have become whistle
stops. There’s a trans-Atlantic take-off every 13
minutes of the day and night . . . a trans-Pacific flight
every 90 minutes daily . . . a Curtiss Commando over “‘the
Hump” on China’s aerial Burma Road every 15 minutes,
around the clock. Yet this is only part of the amazing job
being done by U.S. airlines and the transport wings of our
armed services. In the time it takes you to read this article, some 3,000 miles
will be flown by American transport planes. They will evacuate wounded .. «
more than 500,000 sick and wounded have been moved by U. S. planes since 1942.
They will transport cargo .. . one major U.S. air terminal reports an
average of 1,800 cargo shipments daily.
They’ ll carry passengers, over a billion passenger miles
annually, on 160,000 miles of global air routes.
Few Americans are yet aware of the full meaning of
all this to our way of life, to our outlook and
to our incomes, but these facts are significant:
The best estimates indicate that there will be 20
million airline passengers within three years
after the war, at rates you are used to paying
for first-class travel by rail... The chances
are you will travel by air!
Such equipment as the new Curtiss Commando can
profitably transport air cargo at a small fraction of
pre-war rates... The chances are you will ship bylair!
With millions of jobs resulting either directly
or indirectly from American aviation, and with
business already basing its plans upon planes...
the chances are you will profit from the air!

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NEWSWEEK

leaders, the Roosevelts, and the New
Deal. He quit speaking to Lee Wood, ex-
ecutive editor of The New York World-
Telegram, who finally resorted to killing
Peglerian tirades that his blue penci
could not temper enough for publication.

All this played its in Pegler’s de-
parture last autumn Roy Howard’s
World-Telegram and allied United Fea-
tures Syndicate to Hearst.

Last week, Pegler’s prose and peeves
had brought down on Hearst and King
Syndicate, Inc., their third libel suit with-
in six months. Damages asked total
$3,650,000. Neither Pegler nor Howard
nor United Features had been sued for
libel in the preceding eleven years.

Two weeks after he joined Hearst, Peg-
ler went after a favorite target—Harry
Bridges, West Coast labor ioatior who is
fighting deportation as a Communist. He
accused Bridges of diverting union dues
and donations to his anti-deportation
committee to the Communist party. Last
December, Bridges sued for $600,000.

Last February, Drew Pearson and the
Bell Syndicate, Inc., sued Pegler for $50,-
000 on a column accusing the veteran
Washington columnist of faking.

Last week, the third and biggest suit
came from a target Pegler seldom shoots
at: business, in the guise of the Interna-
tional Latex Corp., and its president,
A. N. Spanel. Last March 15, a Pegler
column ridiculed Latex’s refund of
$1,000,000 in profits on war contracts
and linked its newspaper advertising cam-
paign in behalf of Henry Wallace for
Secretary of Commerce with Russian

Communist ideology. The column, Spanel -

said, was libelous. He sued for $1,000,000
personally; his company for $2,000,000.

King Syndicate bosses fretted. Over in
the rival United Features office, General
Manager George Carlin quipped: “We
expect our ex-Pegler editors to get an of-
fer from Hearst any day.”

SCIENCE

Danger in Drinking Water

Ever since the chee amebic dys-
entery scare in 1983, public water-supply
systems have been suspected of contami-
nation. During the war, this hazard has
been incre by breakdowns in super-
vision by local, state, and Federal agen-
cies.

Last week, the Committee on Sanitary
Engineering of the Division of Medical
Sciences, National Research Council,
totted up the sum of sanitary violations,
mainly cross and back siphonage con-
nections. Reviewed in an editorial in the
Journal of the American Medical Associ-
ation, the council’s report indicates that at
least 100,000 persons have become ill
within the last two years because of
sewage backflow into potable water lines.

Why Murder Will Out

Who was the murderer? When did he
commit the crime? Above all, why did
he do it?

The criminologist may answer the first
two questions. But discovery of the mo-
tive behind the crime—the iar emo-
tional struggle carried on in the mephitic
reaches of the criminal’s unconscious—
lies strictly within the province of the
psychologist, Theodor Reik claims in his
new book, “The Unknown Murderer.”*

Reik, a European psychoanalyst and an
associate of Dr. Sigmund Freud for 30
years, believes that psychological knowl-
edge is needed by officers of the law and
court. This information, he says, “would
not only serve as a corrective to naive
psychological opinions, but it would make
judges, public prosecutors, etc., skeptical
about their own judgment. It would help
the criminologist to have a better under-
standing of the origin and nature of a
criminal act when the author of the act
has been found.”

Psyche Probers: Even the most intel-
ligent detective is content to tie the
crime to one of the delusions common to
all: men: revenge, fear, chagrin d’amour,
political enmity, jealousy. He does not

, according to Reik, conceive “of one
[motive] which can be explained only by
a ps vg mera belonging to the man’s
special delusion.

The crime detector’s judgment, his in-
stinct, and his experience may tell him
that “the deed does not belong to the
doer [nor] the doer to the deed.” Never-
theless, Reik reminds him, “the act must
be an expression of the criminal’s mental
tension, must spring from his mental con-
dition, must have promised gratification
to his psychological needs.”

Acting as an authority on whether the
accused is capable of crime, the psycho-
analyst can contribute little in material
facts. Instead, he must experiment with

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Lux Elsner
Reik probes the criminal unconscious

disconnected ideas, free associations, in-
terpretation of dreams and faulty acts,
and other mental reactions.

Emerging from the prisoner’s cell after
a psychoanalytic session, the crime scien-
tist cannot say: “I have these proofs.”
But frequently he can say: “I have found
this man, who is a model of consideration
and altruism, has to deal with severe
sadistic impulses of an unconscious na-
ture.”

Reik does not want to see psycho-
analysis introduced into court. He would
rather keep it outside where “its influence
goes deeper”; where “its research into
criminology will lead to a recognition of
the many problems involved in criminal
justice.”

Other sidelights on crime solution by
Reik, of interest to mystery fans:

Self-betrayal: The man who commits a
crime without a witness is the only one
who knows about it. But like children who
play: “I know something you don’t; guess
what it is?” the criminal’s secret knowl-
edge impels him to reveal it.

Culprit’s improvidence: The criminal
provides a faultless alibi, but it is too
carefully prepared and, precisely through
that, a hidden flaw is discovered. The
trifling, fatal mistake is an indication of
hidden mental anguish, unknown to the
ego, which demands and finally finds
expression.

The visiting card: As a visible sign of
lighthearted impudence, the criminal of-
ten leaves a trace. Sometimes it goes
deeper. By leaving something behind in
the way of sacrifice, the murderer’s un-
conscious seeks to propitiate the gods or
even force them to let him go free.

Return to the scene: The criminal sees
his deed as heroic, glories in it, and finds
comfort in the scene of the crime; an im-
pulse to repeat the deed plays a part in
his return. Reik also believes that the re-
tum is an unconscious impulse to sur-
render to justice.

“WMyitler v wadl-clear through! |

. “they” haven’t been able to fix it...

Her refrigerator’: quit days ago ..

and if Myrtle could talk to the manufacturer she’d tell him plenty about
his service! That might not be so bad, but what happens really hurts. In
righteous wrath Myrtle tells her troubles to simply dozens of her friends.
These friends tell other friends. And every manufacturer of a “service”
product knows how quickly a few aggrieved owners in any community cancan-
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Newsweek, Aprit 2, 1945

THEATER

The Medici Is a Laugh

Edwin Justus Mayer's “The Fire-
brand” is back on Broadway after some-
thing more than twenty years. Max Gor-
don calls the new production “The Fire-
brand of Florence” and bills it as a mu-
sical. The effect, however, is that of an
operetta, with all the operetta’s occupa-
tional infirmities.

The lavish production deserves better
results. Jo Mielziner’s sets and Raoul
Péne duBois’s costumes please the eye.
The Kurt Weill score and Ira Gershwin’s
lyrics, while hardly top-drawer stuff for
either, are tuneful, varied, and chipper.
And Catherine Littlefield’s choreography
and singing ensembles occasionally do
justice to the Renaissance scene and a
milk-toast version of Benvenuto Cellini’s
night life.

Despite these assets, the Gershwin-
Mayer adaptation succumbs to somnam-
bulism. As a musical, “Firebrand” lacks
both comedy and pace; as operetta, it is
deficient in the swish and swashbuckle
of the period. Earl Wrightson, as Cellini,
and Beverly Tyler as his ever-loving lady
sing pleasantly; and the saving grace
is Melville Cooper’s comedy as a simple
scion of the Medici.

Vivisection in Dialogue

“There are egotist women. And they
say they’re really much deadlier than the
male: because their egotism usually
passes for mere feminine jealousy.” With
this theme George Kelly, author of “The
Torch-Bearers,” “The Show-Off,” and the
Pulitzer prizewinner “Craig’s Wife,” re-
turns to Broadway after eight years with
“The Deep Mrs. Sykes.” As might be ex-
pected, he performs another deft vivisec-
tion of the female ego.

Although Kelly’s dialogue represents
the theater at its most literate, his new
play is a contrived conversation piece in
which the chosen people of a small-town
hierarchy stand around explaining them-
selves and each other in a series of static
stances. By ta of variation they gravi-
tate to a neutral corner or exit upper left
in a hurry to leave their neighbors still
revealing themselves. Despite some su-
perior performances by Jean Dixon, Cath-
erine Willard, and Neil Hamilton, what
George Kelly has to say about the once-
weaker sex should sen better reading
than theatergoing.

The Navy and the Trollop

Luther Davis’s “Kiss Them for Me”
delivers its Sunday punch in the early
rounds, and coasts the rest of the way.
But even on a point score, the John
Moses-Mark Hanna production totals up
to good theater. The first act of this
adaptation of Frederic Wakeman’s novel,
“Shore Leave,” promises that rara avis,
an authoritative drama of the current

“yas Me

war. The promise dwindles with subse-

‘quent acts.
Less tough than the novel, and a little

less cynical about the returning soldier’s
adjustment to civilian life, the play fo-
cuses on three war-weary pa dream
trying to gulp four days of borrowed
time and fun in a San Francisco hotel
suite. “The adaptation makes it plain
enough what the fliers have been through
abroad, and what they want from the
United States (or Uncle Sugar). First
they remove their shoes and shirts; after
that they crave wine, women, and a juke
box—more or less in the order named.

They also want to be left alone in their

tential seraglio. Instead, they are con-
Fronted with the “paper Navy” and its

unfathomable forms and files, a factory

. Graphic Hous
Potential misbehavior: Jayne Cotte
- and Widmark in “Kiss Them for Me”

owner who requisitions the tired heroes
for pep talks at his plant, and a dreary
session in a Navy hospital, where two of
the fliers are ordered grounded.

At its best “Kiss Them for Me” offers
some gusty humor and an ocfasional
trenchant comment on the maladjusted
home front. At its worst, Director Her-
man Shumlin is helpless with a Frank
Merriwell ending that sends all three
men back to the Pacific. The cast has a
lot to do with salvaging the evening.

Richard Widmark (juvenile lead of
the recently controversial “Trio”) is bit-
terly eloquent as the spokesman for the
group. Richard Davis is excellent as his
side-kick, and Dennis King Jr. (son of
the theater’s Francois Villon and D’Arta-
gnan) supplies some regional comedy as

eir baby-faced comrade from Missis-
sippi. Whatever honors are left are stolen
by the newcomer, Judy Holliday (for-
merly Judith Tuvin of “The Revuers”).
Miss Holliday as a sensitive trollop named
Alice saves the day for civilians.

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EDUCATION
Bachelors of Pix Biz

On two counts, Associate Professor
Robert Gessner of New York University
believes that his professional life is
unique. So far as he ao he is the only
motion-picture professor in the academic
world, and he directs the only collegiate
four-year course leading to an A.B. de-
gree in motion pictures.

Alert and affable, the 37-year-old _pro-
fessor is zealously convinced (1) that,
although the movies have matured scien-
tifically, screen writing has not; and (2)
that seeing things in pictures is the most
potent form of education.

No qualified N.Y.U. freshman is dis-
couraged from taking a flier at movies,
but only hand-picked juniors are allowed
to major. And they tur out everything
from Westerns to variations of “Gone
With the Wind,” working as directors,
prop men, film cutters, and camera crews.
Field trips are made to New York City
studios. Hollywood helps with scripts
and prints of films.

Other colleges are showing interest in
N.Y.U.’s experiment. Students have
transferred recently from Harvard and
William and Mary; Dartmouth, Syracuse,
and Midwestern universities are making
inquiries about techniques. Among fot-
eign students lately enrolled in the movie
courses are Sigurdur Norddahl, who came
from Iceland, and Faibian Chow, from
China.

Approximately 100 of Gessner’s formet
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industry and more than 200 are in the
armed services.

* 2, 1945
RELIGION
Eighty Million Souls

* Predictions of a Vatican-Moscow rap-
prochement made headlines again last
week. On Thursday Pope Pius XII grant-
éd an hour’s audience to President Roose-
yelt’s unofficial representative, Edward
. Flynn, who had just visited Russia.

is meeting, characterized by Vatican
officials as “one of the most important
since the war began,” augured well for a
needed modus vivendi between two of

the world’s greatest ideological forces, .

the Roman Catholic Church and the Rus-
sian Communist party.

If Communists and Catholics do com-
promise their differences, an argument
that has roiled tempers for a full century
will be quieted.

Attacks and Counters: The feud goes
back to 1846, when Pope Pius IX con-
demned “Communism which is absolute-
Ny contrary to the natural law itself, and

once adopted would utterly destroy the
rights, property, and possessions of all
men.

Pius IX’s successors have closely fol-
lowed this line. In 1878, Leo XIII called
Communism “the fatal plague.” In 1937,
the predecessor of the present Pope,
Pius XI, declared that “Communism is
intrinsically wrong, and no one who
would save Christian civilization will col-
laborate with it in any undertaking.”

For its part, Russian Communism, orig-
inally against all religions as “opiate of
the people,” has been revising its atti-
tudes since the war, particularly as re-
gards the Russian Orthodox Church. But
Communists have not ‘softened appreci-
ably or for long toward the Vatican and
the Pope. They have accused Pius XII
of favoring a soft peace for Germany and
ie charged that his sympathies are

ascist.

Hope Springs: Realists sum up the
current quarrel and the likelihood of its
being resolved in this fashion:
€ The Communists, Stalin especially per-
haps, are not eager to continue their
Hundred Years’ War with the Catholic
Church, but are eager to achieve a work-
able organization for world peace.

@ The present Pope realizes that Com-
munism is here to stay and is reconciled
to seeing a strengthened Russia emerge
from this war. He is eager, however, to
retain in the Roman Catholic faith some
80,000,000 communicants who are in-
habitants of Central Europe.

@ President Roosevelt, for whom Flynn
is acting, is eager to bring the leaders of
the opposed ideologies together in the
interests of world peace. Mr. Roosevelt’s
influence in the Kremlin is great, and his
influence is probably not less in the
Vatican, which receives about half its
wig from Catholics of the. United

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SPORTS

Mikan, the Marvel

At Kansas City, Western entrants in
the National Collegiate Athletic Associa-
tion tourney romped over the hardwood
court. At New York, teams tossed the
NCAA Eastern division basketball from
one end of Madison Square Garden to
the other. In addition, guest clubs
pounded the Garden boards for suprem-
acy in the select eighth annual National
Invitation Basketball Tournament. Thus,
basketball was staging its post-season
championship, comparable to baseball’s
World Series.

. The teams roared into this week’s
windups, with the grand finale to decide
the mythical national champion sched-
uled for March 29 in a Red Cross game
between tournament winners. Last week,
however, the furor and excitement cen-
tered about one player, whose record-
‘breaking performances evoked the most
thunderous applause ever heard in the
Garden and for whom sportswriters re-
titled the Invitation the George Mikan
Tourney.

Shoot, Mike, Shoot: George Law-
rence (Mike) Mikan is the bespectacled
center for DePaul University (four of
DePaul’s regulars, called the Four Blind
Mice, wear glasses). At 6 feet 9, the 22-
year-old Illinoisian is more than a sky-
scraper. He is a well-coordinated 235-
pound dribbler, a captain who sets up
plays for his team, an expert rebound-
snaring goal tender, and a high scorer
who averaged 21 points a game for the
season.

In DePaul’s first tournament game,
against West Virginia, Mikan scored 33
points for a 76-52 rout—the highest indi-
vidual score of the Garden season. Then
two nights later, Mikan ran hog wild.
As the frenzied crowd yelled: “Shoot,
Mike, shoot!” he scored, and scored, and
scored.

When the slaughter was over, the high-
est score in Garden history was posted
on the board: DePaul 97, Rhode Island
State 53. Mikan had set nine individual
scoring records, the most important of
which was a 53-point total, made up of
21 field goals and 11 foul shots. Harry
Boykoff's old record of 45 points was set
in 1943. Private Boykoff, who also saw
his St. John’s team eliminated, was pres-
ent when Mikan was rolling ‘em in.

Because basketball is a major sport
at the little Catholic college, Mikan is
the idol of his campus. He studied for
the priesthood, then switched to med-
icine and finally to law. Three weeks
ago, he rejected an offer of $5,000 to
turn professional. During the summer,
he is a city-league pitcher at Joliet, IIl.,
where his parents rent an 80-acre farm
and operate an inn on Route 66. The
inmates of Stateville Penitentiary, al-
though baseball opponents of Mikan’s,

grew so fond of the elongated court hero
that they built him a bed 8 feet long and
6 feet wide, a luxury that Mikan never
finds in out-of-town hotel rooms.

For a man his height and weight,
Mikan is remarkably agile. Coordination
is the answer, says Coach Ray Meyer,
who came to DePaul from Notre Dame
three years ago just as Mikan reported
for the squad. So the coach put Mikan
to work on developing coordination:
wearing out fifteen skipping ropes a sea-
son, punching a bag, and shadow boxing
as well as shooting at the basket. “Meyer
was a slave driver,” Mikan recalls, “and
he still is.”

International
Mikan (foreground) shoots for DePaul

Prince of Jockeys

The last bugle sounded for little Steve
Donoghue last week. Death called the
prince of jockeys to the post in London,
March 23. Unbelievably, the Irish-
blooded dean of saddle artists was all of
60 years old. He rode his last race just
seven years ago.

Endowed with “perfect hands” and a

‘winners at Epsom Downs:

small frame (he was 4 feet 11 and never
topped 108), Donoghue ran away from
his Lancashire home at 18 to follow the
horses. After a long apprenticeship, he
rode his first race in 1903 and was beaten
by a neck. He won his second outing, and
from then on the cry of “Come on,
Steve” was the most popular one at
English tracks. For the first four decades
of the twentieth century, the notation—
Jockey: S. Donoghue—adorned the race
results of Great Britain and France. He
won the Irish Oaks in 1908, and 29
years later won the Irish Derby.

Six times Donoghue was atop Derby
Pommern
(1915), Gay Crusader (1917), Humorist
(1921), Captain Cuttle (1922), Papyrus
(1923), and Manna (1925). In 1918, he
scorned Kaiser Wilhelm’s offer of $30,000
a year to ride for him and later declined
to be royal jockey for the late King
George V.

The Last Ride: Donoghue’s victories
were astonishing. He earned millions. But
in horse racing luck runs out, and Dono-
ghue’s began to fade in 1925 at the
height of his career. After cracking a
collar bone in a pile-up that year, he
boasted “Ill be riding again in two
weeks,” but his luck was gone for good.
By 1928,- the prince of- jockeys was
bankrupt. He tried again and again, some-
times winning, but finally in 1988, at the
insistence of Sir Victor Sassoon, retired
from the saddle.

Donoghue had two sons. Steve Jr. was
killed while flying with the Royal Air
Force. Pat, now with the RAF, once rode
against his father and beat him, too, in
the London Handicap. Donoghue said: “I
was so excited to see my son winnin’ that
I forgot I was in the race myself.”

It was a heart attack that claimed
Donoghue. Earl Sande, who on Zev beat
Donoghue on Papyrus in the famous
match race in 1923, at Belmont Park,
New York, said last week: “Steve was a
sportsman all the way.”

Records on Ice

The National Hockey League flashed
from regular season to Stanley Cup play-
offs last week with a shower of statistics:
@ The Montreal Canadiens finished first,
ahead of the Detroit Red Wings, the To-
ronto Maple’ Leafs, and the Boston Bruins
in that order. The Chicago Black Hawks
and New York Rangers, fifth and sixth,
were ineligible for the playoffs. :
€ Montreal’s Toe Blake-Elmer Lach-
Maurice Richard forward line placed
one-two-three in individual scoring. Rich-
ard caged 50 goals.

@ Bill Duman, Montreal goalie, won the
Georges Vezina Trophy as the least
scored-upon cagekeeper (121 goals).

@ Frank McCool, Toronto goalie who
had four shutouts, won the Calder Tro-

phy as the outstanding rookie of 1944

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STYLE LEADERS FOR 122 YEARS

“FT FOW is my pet Hiawatha
coming along? Don’t tell
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this brilliant splash of orange,
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in the Southwest Pa-
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Mr.

‘Aon, 2, 1945, 91
RADIO

Mr. Anthony for Lunch

In 1931 an ex-taxi driver, John J.
Anthony, established a Marital Relations
Institute. In 1936 he put it on the air as
The Good Will Hour, and began solving
in public mankind’s problems—which he
reduces to two: economics and _ sex.
Though he is no psychiatrist, Anthony
prides himself on settling any problen—
great or small—in one sitting.

Last week, Anthony returned to the
air after his first absence in twelve years
(since Dec. 3, 1944), but in a five-time-
a-week daytime show, instead of his
usual weekly nighttime spot—called this
time, simply John J. Anthony. Any one
of his cases could be the frame for a
daytime serial, and his new time (Mutual,
Monday-Friday, 1:45-2 p.m. EWT)
makes him compete for the soap-opera
audience—although somewhat against his
wishes.

Anthony had wanted a night show, but
compromised: For 26 weeks the new pro-
gram will be tested on ten key Mutual
stations. If the network, the sponsors
(Carter’s Little Liver Pills and Arrid),
and the listeners are satisfied, Anthon
will then settle down on a full networ
schedule to pull audiences away from the
fictitious soap opera.

The Philadelphia (Radio) Story

Philadelphia was not the City of Broth-
erly Love last week. Religion arid radio
were feuding over the concept ‘of free-
dom of the air. On one side was the
Association of Philadelphia Gospel Broad-
casters, whose sixteen members are heavy
buyers of radio time. On the other was
WPEN, Philadelphia’s second largest
independent station and, until April 2,
its leading seller of religious time.

Until last May, WPEN was owned
and operated by Arde Bulova, board
chairman and treasurer of the Bulova
Watch Co., Inc. Under him, one-third
of WPEN’s revenue came from the sale
of time for nondenominational religious
programs which, on Sunday alone, were
broadcast continually from 7:30 a.m. to
11 p.m. But in May the station was
purchased for an estimated $625,000 by
the ultra-conservative Evening Bulletin.

On Feb. 20, the new owners advised
the sponsors of WPEN’s 24 religious
programs that, effective no later than
April 2, paid religious shows would be

ped and “as a public service a series
of religious broadcasts of general inter-
est” would be substituted, “the time for
which will not be sold.”

Controlled Religion? On Feb. 26,
sixteen of those ministers who were about
to be brushed off the air formed the
Association of Philadelphia Gospel Broad-
casters, To arbitrate with WPEN a com-
Rittee of four was appointed, headed by

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NEWSWEEK

the Rev. Carl McIntire, a militant ex-
Presbyterian Fundamentalist.

The day it was formed, the committee
met with Richard W. Slocum, general
manager of The Bulletin, and presented
a statement asserting: “We must not have
a controlled religious economy.”

Particularly, the association suggested
that the Catholic, Jewish, and large Prot-
estant denominations also be restricted
to purchased time. But The Bulletin stuck
by its guns and the first meeting ended
in deadlock.

The following morning another meet-
ing was held, this time with Robert Mc-
Lean, publisher of The Bulletin and pres-
ident of the Associated Press, as well as
Slocum. During the six hours of “gentle-
manly” discussion, The Bulletin an-
nounced that its original letter had been
misinterpreted, that “time will be sold . . .
for religious broadcasts within the area of
balanced programming.”

But the association, which had asked No
that all present contracts be extended for aid \
one year to allow the gospel broadcasters
to find spots on other stations, would have find

Gospel broadcasters’ mass meeting . . .

none of WPEN’s offer. Up in arms, the
ministers called a mass meeting for
ee 15 in Philadelphia’s Convention
Hall.

Gospel of Monopoly? In the next two
weeks, 400,000 circulars advertising the
meeting were distributed in Philadelphia
by servicemen, civilians, and clergymen. L
Appeals went out from the Gospel broad- took
casters’ radio pulpits. Meantime the Phil- tion:
adelphia Federation of Churches, repre- 9,
senting the large Protestant denomina- tion;

tions, expressed unanimous a)

WPEN’s policy change and it “in “i

direct harmony with the principles of re Bq,

ligious liberty.” me
On March 14, WPEN wrote to every ther

Philadelphia minister, emphasizing that Hig,

time would be available, both on a paid
md free basis, to everyone, that the only
real issue in the controversy is “the at-
tempted monopoly which we are resist-

By 3 p.m. on March 15, the steps of
Convention Hall were filled with those
waiting for the doors to open. By 8 p.m.
the ue was crowded with approxi-
mately 14,000 persons (Gov. Thomas E.
Dewey attracted an.estimated 13,500 to
the hall in the 1944 campaign). Many
of the sixteen ministers made brief talks,
but the principal speaker was the Rev.
Mr. McIntire. A high spot in his speech
came when he digressed to say: “God’s
providence is perfect. The first person I
met this evening . . . was... Richard
W. Slocum.” Though invited, Slocum
had arrived unheralded. His name was
hailed with loud and steady boos. (Later
he received apologies. )

No Fame or Money . . . Only then
did McIntire turn on the heat. He ex-
coriated the WPEN owners as “deceitful”
and knowing little about radio.

Fe,

... drew 14,000 to boo The Bulletin

charged WPEN with wanting to control
air and cried that “these radio
preachers are not in it for fame...
‘money ... or a fight. They are in it for
the privilege of preaching the Gospel and
winning lost souls to Jesus Christ.”
Significance ~~~
Last week, the gospel broadcasters
took the step that made the case of na-
tional importance. They filed a formal
complaint with the Federal Communica-
tions Commission, charging (1) that
WPEN is not operating in the “pub-
convenience, interest, and necessity”
wder FCC regulations and (2) that “the
«tion is contrary to the Bill of Rights and
fore is unconstitutional.” However
the FCC acts, it will set a precedent.

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Dr. Graf’s revolutionary ideas about opera helped six neophytes to stardom

MUSIC

The Met Grows Younger

“Will you send me two tickets for an
opera—one in which the soprano is
not too fat?” Following through on this
recent request to the Metropolitan box of-
fice, Opera News unearthed these indica-
tive statistics: At least ten of the Metro-
politan Opera’s sopranos wear sizes 12 to
16. -

To round out the new-opera statistics:
When the Met opened its doors in New
York 61 years ago it had only one Ameri-
can-born singer—a soprano named Al-
wina Valleria who sang “II Trovatore” on
the third night of the 1883 season. Cur-
rently, the company’s roster of 110 in-
cludes 58 American-born leading singers.

ra as Theater: Grand opera may
not have been born in this country, but
it has taken on a new personality here—
to say nothing of a new figure and face.
Moreover—and this fact is equally sig-
nificant—opera as performed by the Met-
ropolitan in the last two or three years is
changing radically in style. The question
now is not: When will the Golden Age of
Opera return?—but: Would we like it if
it did? Voices were big when torsos were
ample, but acting, with occasional ex-

ceptions, consisted mainly of frenzied arm
ing.

caine the new American operatic audi-
ence goes to see as well as to hear, the
lack of vocal—and physical—amplitude
has not been a death blow. Instead of
treating its productions as picture frames
for rich operatic voices, the Met now
strives to catch the spirit of the work
with staging, orchestra, and voices. The
over all effect is musical theater.

Without conductors like George Szell
(NEwsweEEX, Jan. 22) and Bruno Walter
(Newsweek, April 17, 1944) this new
“musical theater” would be impossible.
It would also be impossible without the
sensitive, flexible hand of Dr. Herbert
Graf, most progressive of the Met’s three
stage directors.
Dr. Graf believes in opera in English,
in youth, and in a fresh approach, and it
is his leadership which has helped a
whole new crop of young American sing-
ers over the hurdles of inexperience.

Youth as Stars: This week the Metro-
politan closes its season. From April 2
through the first week in May, the com-
pany will be on tour, going to Baltimore,
Boston, Cleveland, Lafayette, Ind., Mil-
waukee, Minneapolis, and Chicago. This

Blanche Thebom ~

NEWSWEEK, APRIL 2, 1945

tour will introduce to America a group of
young Americans who have won New
York this season. Here they are:

PatricE MunsE.: Although the 19.
year-old “Princess Pat” from Spokane,
Wash., made her overpublicized debut
in the 1943-44 season (NEWSWEEK, Dec.
13, 1943), she has really come into her
own this year. With Lily Pons away ona
USO-Camp Shows tour and the Met hard
put for coloraturas, she leaped into star.
dom. Despite her extreme youth and im.
maturity she is a real trouper, and critical
barrages don’t throw her. She just an.
swers them with a better performanc
next time.

Recina Resnik: This 22-year-old New
York-born soprano has calmly walked
into situations which would send a
average singer into hysterics. On the
night of Dec. 6, 1944, she substituted
for an ailing diva to make her Met debut
as Leonora in “Il Trovatore,” a role she
had never even sung before (NEWSWEEK
Dec. 18, 1944). On March 17, she trusted
her full, resonant voice in a role which
hadn’t been attempted since Kirsten
Flagstad left—Leonore in Beethoven’
“Fidelio.” She is quick, clever, and ful
of confidence. :

BLANCHE THEBOM: ‘The Canton, Ohio,
ex-secretary, 26, is one of the finest mezzo-
sopranos the Met has welcomed in many
years. Dramatic assurance and an opulent
voice mark her performances. Miss The
bom has worked hard to attain unusud
maturity for her 26 years.

Emery Darcy: The 86-year-old hel-
dentenor (heroic tenor) had already

, established himself last year as a Wagner-

ian singer to watch when he filled in for
Lauritz Melchior as Parsifal (NEWSWEEK,
April 10, 1944). This year the Chicagoan

a well-sung Siegmund (“Die
Walkiire”) to his minor roles, in addition
to continuing with his Parsifals.

Mm BENZELL: Another new color:
tura—not yet 22—who was born in Bridge
port, Conn. A leading role in the New
Opera Co.’s “Rosalinda” and experienc
in Sir Thomas Beecham’s Mexican opera
season last summer prepared her for
major Met roles in “The Magic Flute,
“The Marriage of Figaro,” and “Mignon.”
But the extraordinary thing about Mis
Benzell, aside from her talents as a
actress, is that she has been studying
singing for less than four years.

HucuH Tompson: An Auditions of the
Air winner, this Tacoma, Wash., baritone
has been busier than most newcomers
with eight roles sung in four languages
this season. A former heavyweight boxet
and newspaperman, Thompson
some singing experience with smalle
opera companies. Oscar Thomps0,
eminent musicologist and music critic
for the New York Sun, has not bee
bashful about reviewing his 29-year-ol

son’s promising performances.

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Metropolitan Museum of Art
At the Met: Etruscan and Adrian

ART

Glamour From 3600 B.C.

The dignified air of the Morgan Wing
of the Metropolitan Museum of Art last
week was filled with talk of “nipped-in
waists,” “figure-fitting lines,” and “that
covered-up look.” The occasion was a
fashion promenade, preview of a series |
for the public in April. Gorgeous models
displayed gorgeous gowns made of prints
inspired by objects in the Met’s fabulous
collection. For this once-stodgy museum,
which recently took over the Museum
of Costume Art (NEwswEEK, Dec. 235,
1944), invited America’s leading textile
houses to send up their designers for
inspiration.

@ Adrian of Hollywood, winner of the
1944 Fashion Critics’ Award, designed
both his prints and his gowns. He took a
seventeenth-century Turkish miniature of
a sultan and turned the potentate upside
down on a big splashy afternoon print.
He also plucked the helmet and eye from
a 500 B.C. Etruscan warrior to produce a
handsome, almost surreal dinner gown.
@ Ludwig Bemelmans, the writer and
cartoonist, found a typical Bemelmans
bird on a 3600 B.C. Egyptian pottery
jar; it now adorms sports costumes by
Claire McCardell.

@ Henriette Reiss turned the criss-cross
pattern of the shroud of an Egyptian mum-
my into a print, and Omar Kiam tumed
the print into a glamorous sheaf gown.

Geometry and Wiggles

Of modern painters who scorn to rep-
resent real objects, the two greatest were
Piet Mondrian, the Dutch artist who died
at 71 in New York in February last year;
and Wassily Kandinsky, the Russian artist
who died at 78 in Paris last December.
Both, with their unique and trail-blazing
styles, have had a tremendous influence

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BROUGHY ANOTHER MAG- g . y ple ( y

SNEICENY WAR PRM tO ones) have been saying, “The public doesn’t want war pictures.”
TOWN! =
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{Archer Winsten)

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(Kote Cameron) ture. It is also a picture that privileges you to understand a
- little better what goes on in the minds of several million
SS NO CONVENTIONAL MOVIE °
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New York Journal-American
(Rose Pelswick! : That’s why we're as proud of OBJECTIVE BURMA as of
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WARNER BRO S.

JACK L. WARNER, Executive Producer

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on such prectical fields as architecture,
typography, and design.

In New York last week Mondrian and
Kandinsky were simultaneously honored
with important retrospective exhibitions.
In the Museum of Modern Art hang 53
of the shiny, geometric canvases of Mon-
drian, the nonfigurative classicist. And in
the Museum of Non-Objective Paintings,
which is practically a temple of Kandin-
sky and his imitators (it owns over 100
Kandinsky paintings) hang 227 creations
of this romantic and prolific artist.

Geometrical Jive: A school teacher's
son who studied at the Academy in Am-
sterdam, Mondrian painted perfectly con-
ventional Dutch landscapes until exposed
to the cubists of Paris in 1910. Converted,
he decided the cubists hadn’t carried their
ideas to their logical conclusion and pro-
ceeded to do so himself. By 1915 he was
already producing vibrating canvases of
broad, black, horizontal and vertical lines
on stark white backgrounds, emphasized
by an occasional unexpected, yet perfect-

Museum of Modern Art

Mondrian did it with geometry .

Museum of Modern Art

ly placed, rectangle of primary color.

The only important change in Mon-
drian’s purist style came about after 1940,
when he moved to New York. Then, in
his last completed painting, “Broadway
Boogie Woogie,” he did away with black
lines altogether and used instead mosaic
bands of the three primaries. He gave
the work the name of a form of music
which is suggestive of all his paintings—
repetitive rhythms and syncopation.

Mondrian worked meticulously, and
endlessly—generally all night and part of
the day. He often spent several months
shifting a single line a fraction of an inch,
or moving colored strips of paper which
he stuck on with Scotch tape until he de-
cided just how the paint should: be laid on.
He worked nearly a year on “Victory
Boogie Woogie,” still unfinished at his
death. Though the catalogue solemnly—
and honestly—describes it as “oil, paper,
and Scotch tape on canvas,” the painting
was purchased for a reputed $8,000 by
The Miller Co. of Meriden, Conn., a light-
ing-fixture firm.

Broadway Boogie Woogie in five colors . . . Voltige (French for tumbling) in eight

_Newsweek, Aprit 2, 1945

The son of a wealthy Russian mining
family, Kandinsky painted even while he
studied national economy and statistics
at the University of Moscow. Offered a
post at the University of Dorpat, he went
instead to Munich to study art.

The idea for non-objectivity came to
him, as ‘he told it, entirely by accident.
Returning to the studio one evening, “I
was suddenly confronted by a picture of
inno sg eis he loveli-
ness. ildered, I sto , staring at it.
The painting lacked all subject . . . and
was. entirely composed of bright color
patches. Finally I approached closer and,
only then, recognized it for what it really
was—my own painting, standing on its
side on the easel.”

His first non-objective paintings were
lyrical, dramatic explosions of merging
color and form. Most were painted in
Russia during and after the last war,
when Kandinsky organized 45 museums
for the Soviet and taught at the Academy
and the University of Moscow. But in
1920 Russians turned to more easily
comprehensible art and Kandinsky left
for Germany. There, in the 20s, he taught
at the famous Bauhaus school of design.

Rich and Poor: Kandinsky and Mon-
drian were as dissimilar in personality as
in the moods of their paintings. Though
neither was notable for sociability, Kan-
dinsky was far less out-of-this-world
than the ascetic Mondrian. Kandinsky
was always well-to-do since his paintings
sold easily and for good prices. His wife,
Nina, insisted upon that. “They belong to
me,” she would say to lesser offers, “and
I don’t have to give them up for that.”

Mondrian was a bachelor. He sold his
—- for small sums, in spite of his

ealer’s protestations, and was nearly al- |

ways poverty-stricken. His studios were
in run-down buildings whose interiors in-
variably became large-scale replicas of his
paintings.

He made his sparse furniture out of
crates. For-comfort he had a couple of
camp chairs and a phonograph and radio
for playing boogie woogie, to which he
sometimes danced alone.

Mondrian also enjoyed dancing out.
Occasionally he went to cocktail parties.
More often he preferred solitude. When
he moved into his last studio he hesitated
to put in a telephone, fearing that “people
will be calling me.” After thinking it over
he decided for the phone because:
“When they call then I can tell them
not to come up!”

He died of pneumonia after lying sick
and alone for three days until a visitor
found him by accident and sent him, too
late, to a hospital. “He didn’t like to
impose upon people,” his friends explain.

At Mondrian’s funeral Alfred H. Barr
Jr. of the Modern Museum said: “Mon-
drian’s paintings are, I believe, unmatched

- in the history of art for their single

mindedness.”
Mondrian himself had said: “I have
had a happy life, for my work.”

I wish Farm Journal wouldn't

come on opera nights”

Culture has its place—but Mr. Wellington has a deeper interest.
Like the two and one-half million dirt farmers who make up
99.999 per cent of Farm JouRNAL’s subscribers, his heart is in
the land. His Broad Acres-on-the-River owes much of its success
to the guidance of this greatest of rural magazines and the latest
agricultural information has an appeal which Lohengrin can

never supplant.
e e e

No Farm JourNAL reader is ever unaware of “value received.”
Farm JOURNAL'S timeliness with news—with information on what
makes for good farming and good farm living—with pointers for
the well-being and convenience of farm households—all these
draw attention and hold it. And Farm Journat advertising
pages, too, telling of desired things, both personal and general, find
ready readership— and response on market day. Why shouldn’t
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NEWSWEEK

LAE TREE OT REN

BOOK

The Moods of Jon. Swift

“The Violent Friends,” a novel by
Winston Clewes on the life of Jonathan
Swift, covers that bitter period of his
middle years when, exiled and power-
less, he takes up the unwanted post as
Dean at St. Patrick’s in Dublin. There he
wages war for Irish rights, not because
he loves the land of his birth, but be-
cause he hates English oppression.

There, too, he wages that tragic war
against himself—and against the two
women who loved him—the quiet and in-
tellectual Stella of his letters and the pas-
sionate Vanessa of his poems. The attempt
to portray this struggle in Swift’s own
mind between no love and “violent
friendship” throws Clewes a bit out of his
depth. But much of the writing is good,
and the picture of the author of “Gulli-
vers Travels” is fairly convincing. (THE
VIOLENT FRiENps. By Winston Clewes.
226 pages. Appleton-Century. $2.50.)

Jehovah, Satan, and the Jobs

To most people Robert Frost means
birch trees and walls and New England
ge where the brooks run west.
bie ink of good fences that make
good neighbors and of two roads diverg-
ing in a yellow wood. For Frost, writing
language as plain as Wordsworth’s, long
ago cap the American imagination
with his simple, reticent verses that are
as recognizably Yankee as an ax handle
leaning against a weathered barn.

At 70 Frost still writes poetry with a
twang, but he is no longer concerned
with the redolences of upland farms. The
slim book with which he celebrates the
posse of three-score years and ten has

ittle to do with that frosty locality north
of Boston he long ago claimed as his own.
“A Masque of Reason” is a satire, meta-
physical in concept, on the Book of Job.
Witty and wise as anything Frost has
written, on the surface it is little more
than a conversation between the ancient
sufferer Job, his wife, Satan and God
(“I'd know Him by Blake’s picture any-
where,” says Job’s wife. “The best, I’m
told, I ever had taken,” says God). Since
all four speak in colloquial, even slan
language, the poem undoubtedly will be
more widely read than its somewhat
heavy theme suggests. :

Job and his wife are lolling in an oasis
when God comes tumbling out of a tree.
“Now what’s He doing?” asks Job’s wife.
“Pitching throne, I guess,” replies Job,
and sure enough God is doing just that—
a plywood throne, prefabricated. Job
goes over and presents himself. God says:

Oh, I remember well: You're Job,

: my Patient. ,

How are you now? I trust you're

quite recovered,

And feel no ill effects from what I

gave you.

To this greeting Job, a little grudging-

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a a a a

hen. 29,1945 101
EO EEE
ly, admits that he is “fine, except for now
and then a reminiscent twinge of rheu-
matism.”

Why, God? From that point on “A
Masque of Reason” becomes a long, some-
times brilliant, sometimes theologically
obscure discussion on the subject that has
been puzzling Job ever since the 42nd
and final chapter of the Book of Job was
written: namely, the reason why God
tortured him. After considerable conver-
sation (during which Mrs. Job, recalling
the days of Job’s boils, gets off such de-
lightful remarks as: “If I said once I said

, Pix
Frost: The Vermont wall mender

a thousand times, Don’t scratch!”) God
consents to give his answer: “I was just
showing off to the Devil, Job.”

This doesn’t satisfy Job, who says:

I expected more

Than I could understand and what I

get

Is almost less than I can understand.

In the end God calls in the Devil
(“More to give his reality its due than
anything”), but the Devil does not want
to stay. He tries to slide away and would
have succeeded if Mrs. Job hadn’t pulled
him back. It seems she wanted to take
his picture along with God’s and Job’s.
And as she poses them beside the throne
she quips:

Now if you three have settled any-

thing

You'd as well smile as frown on the

occasion.

From this bantering, irreverent poem,
with its gay puns and Mrs. Job’s breath-

, feminine sallies, the reader will
bably take away as much as he
ught to it. Robert Frost’s 43rd Chapter

a the Book of Job is delightful and,
peeobly, meaningful reading. Its high
or and classic colloquialisms make it
Worth while even if its profundity may
as elusive as the escalator-like “tend-
@ey” on which the Devil tries to escape

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Recently enlivened by new decorative
treatments, the Chatham, with its quiet
side-street location off Park Avenue
and its welcome convenience to Grand
Central and Airlines Terminals, provides
@ smart and suitable background for
your most exacting New York activities.
Three restaurants—each keyed to a
different mood—add to the pleasure
a Chatham visit affords,

Single Rooms from $5, Double Reome from $7
Spacious Suites from $12

HOTEL

Dwight A. Bartlett, Manager
Vanderbilt Ave., at 48th St., New York

&
&

The alley characters, both black...

_ from Mrs. Job’s camera. (A MasQueE oF

Reason. By Robert Frost. 23 pages.
Henry Holt. $2.)

Swing Low, Sweet South

Edwin A. Peeples, who used to droop
his 6 feet 7% inches over a typewriter
banging out the script for the radio pro-
gram, Chamber Music Society of Lower
Basin Street, has written his first novel
and he has reason to be proud of it.
“Swing Low” is a good, exciting, and
colorful book.

The youthful Peeples (he is 30) sets
his novel right down in the center of a
fetid, noisy, crowded Negro community
known as Billiard Alley, in Atlanta, Ga.
To this impoverished and squalid sink
comes one Willy Mack, a simple, honest
farm hand, and his city-bred, money-lov-
ing wife, Amy. From the moment of their
arrival one hot August day, when the tar
on the plaza of Atlanta’s Terminal Station
was melting in the sun, adventures of
one kind or another beset them.

Knifings, throat cuttings, and brawls
pack these brutal pages; sex runs rampant
through the alley. But Willy Mack and
Amy and others who are crowded into
the tumble-down shacks and worn-out
Negro houses are so human and so real
that one forgets the often incredible
ruthlessness of most of the characters,
white and black.

“Swing Low” is filled not only with
the ugliness but with the songs and
laughter of a race. Poaaten undoubtedly
thinks something should be done about
the “Negro problem” in the South, and
this book is his contribution to under-
standing the dreadful situation. But it
is first of all a novel.

Peeples was graduated from Georgia

os r

. .. and white, from Peeples’s novel

Tech in 1986, fooled around in ‘the ad-
vertising business, traveled in Europe,
and ran (without much success) a chemi-
cal manufacturing business. His tremen-
dous height kept him out of the armed
forces, so he went to New York and
wrote radio scripts until he wangled a
post with the Chief of Ordnance in Phila-
delphia. He is now writing a history of
small-arms ammunition.

That Peeples knows his Atlanta Ne-
groes—farm hands and city slickers, cut-
throats and deacons—his book well shows..
Few first novels of recent months exhibit
as much genuine literary promise as this
one. (Swinc Low. By Edwin A. Peeples.
293 pages. Houghton Mifflin. $2.50.)

Other New Books

AGE oF THUNDER. By Frederic Pro-
kosch. 811 pages. Harper. $2.50. This
impressionistic fantasy about the French
Underground starts out as a_thrillin
melodrama and ends up as a half-finish
dream. A young parachutist is given a
dangerous mission. He is to find out—in
four fateful days—which of the - local
Maquis are traitors. The result is a luxuri-
antly written rhapsody which catches the
mood of our times—but little of its mean-
ing.

THe Smati Back Room. By Nigel
Balchin. 216 pages. Houghton Mifflin.
$2.50. This novel concerns itself with that
small, unsung group of scientists who cre-
ate and test the weapons of this war. The
small back room is the place where they
work, and Balchin carries them all the
way from a heroic testing of a mysterious
German time bomb to the petty wran-
pings and red tape of officialdom. Good,

reading. ° a

‘Two Ways to Solve
Your Product Marking Problem

CONGENTRATE ON IT WHILE PUT IT UP TO
DRIVING TO WORK Dennison

| Right now you’re up to your ears in war production. But you

| probably are still thinking about a new product to be made

when peace comes. You’re also probably thinking about mar-

keting that product . . . how to trademark it, package it or how

to get your story across at the point of sale, among other things.
That’s where Dennison comes in. Whatever your marking

problem, remember there’s more than a century of specialized

experience at your beck and call here in Framingham. So when

the time comes, put your problems up to

. PAPER PRODUCTS FOR MORE THAN A CENTURY

We'll be glad to help you plan today the special tags or labels that can
be manufactured tomorrow. Present production at Dennison is given
over to war work, but development work with the leaders of American
industry still goes on. Evidences of past performances are given in an
interesting booklet on product marking and identification. Get the
coupon that will bring yours to you in the mail today.

TAGS + LABELS - SET-UP BOXES - MARKING SYSTEMS - PAPER SPECIALTIES

Dennison ManufacturingCompany Name...........--++++.-s- od sabes Ce URE CA he cuEe
50 Ford Ave., Framingham, Mass.

Piem «... ecard seen Swe’ taniue ors emp a (Hisreencwaee
Please send me without obliga- St. & No
tion, booklet “If {You Could Only se Woe wits Gaga ad sigicies views se eeeeee pe den'e’ Koga i

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An Army |
Still Fights |
onits —
Stomach—

As evidenced by the two
great food storages—largést: in
the Northwest—recently _ built
for the U.S. Army at Seattle
and Auburn, Wash. Each meas-
f ures 458 ft. long by 154 ft.
¥ wide, and holds 5,625,000 Ib.
of food, mostly frozen. Cost per
plant, over $600,000.

Frick Refrigeration cools both
these great storages, each of
which has 4 ammonia compres-
sors, 4 brine coolers, thousands
of feet of piping, etc. Installa-
tion by the Lewis Refrigeration
and Supply Co., Frick Sales
Representatives at Seattle.

For that important air condi-
tioning, ice making or refrig-
eration job of yours, look to

KT x1 Refrigerating Machines

NEWSWEEK, Avant: 2. 1945

Perspective

Registered

U. S. Patent Office

What Are Regional Associations?

When men disagree about a pub-
lic or private policy, tlie more reason-
able among them seek unity through
what they call a formula. This means
a restatement. or clarification of the
issues in such a way-as to offer to both
sides the. widest possible area of agree-
ment.

Let’s try to apply a formula to one

aspect of the current hubbub over

foreign affairs and let’s ap-
ply it before the limited
scope of the San Francisco
conference dampens the en-
thusiasm of an overexpect-
ant public opinion in this
country.

Those who are suspicious
of our Allies and of any
world setup are calling at-
tention to the alleged incon-
sistency between the gener-
alities of world agreements
and special security meas-
ures taken by big powers in accord-
ance with their national interests. Out
of this discussion arise such expres-
sions as “balance of power,” “power
politics,” “spheres of influence,” “co-
ercion of little nations” and the like.
How, to suggest an example, can we
reconcile the Atlantic Charter with
Russian influence in Rumania or Brit-
ish influence in Greece?

The answer is a formula which is
touched upon in the Dumbarton Oaks.
plan and is now presented by the
French Government to the American,
British, Russian and Chinese Govern-
ments. The formula comes as an
amendment to the various peace plans
already drafted. The best name for
this amendment is “regionalism,”
which can be made consistent both
with internationalism and with na-
tionalism.

Regionalism is defined in the Dum-
barton Oaks plan in the following sec-
tion: “Nothing in the Charter should
preclude the existence of regional ar-
rangements or agencies dealing with
such matters relating to the mainte-
nance of international peace and se-
curity as are appropriate for regional
action, provided such arrangements or
agencies and their activities are con-
sistent with the purposes and princi-
ples of the Organization.”

We shall have to let time and the
outcome of the war determine and
make clear the exact limits of the re-
gions into which the world will ulti-
mately divide. That is especially true

Conway Studios

by RAYMOND MOLEY

in Eastern Asia and the Western Pa-
cific. The great unknown there is
whether Russia will help us smash
Japan. But other regional areas of spe-
cial interest are beginning to appear.
The United States successfully drama-
tized the most obvious of these in the
Pan American Conference in Mexico
City. The Act of Chapultepec created

a “regional arrangement.” All Amer-

ican nations expressed their
community of interest, ex-
cept for Argentina and Can-
ada, whose part will later be
made clear by the course
of events.

It is also plain that the
British Empire is to recover
her lost members and such
additional bits as are neces-
sary to her lines of commu-
nication. Likewise, it is clear
that Eastern European na-
tions will be bound together
with varying degrees of influence by

their big neighbor, Russia. The osten-’

tatious absence of any move by Britain
and Russia to participate in or to influ-
ence our family party in Mexico City
should be a sufficient hint to those who
decry Russian influence in Rumania.
We can’t claim something in our neigh-
borhood that we are not willing to
grant to Russia and Britain in theirs.
We cannot claim we are the only big
nation which can be a Good Neighbor
to smaller nations. We cannot claim
our sphere of influence is good and
all other spheres of influence are bad.

The purpose of a world organiza-
tion such as that which San Francisco
is to provide is to be a means by
which the whole community of nations
may find interests common to all re-
gions and to prevent regional groups
from conflicting with each other.

Regional associations are not incon-
sistent with a general world organiza-
tion. The two are, in fact, dependent
on each other. Herbert Hoover this
week points out the great benefits of
regional organizations in a peace struc-
ture. They would, he says, give smaller
nations a greater voice, take much of
the burden from the world council,
modify the appearance of a mere al-
liance of great powers, relieve the anx-
iety of Americans about the interfer-
ence of non-American powers in Amer-
ican affairs and the fear that the
United States will be involved in all
the minor disputes of the wide world.

|
'
]
.

yy 2. eofewse

es a ees.

ae GS OE: Somalis

1 “Just about 20 minutes
in Montevideo,” writes a
friend of Canadian Club
Whisky, “and I couldn’t
help realizing that Uruguay,
despite its tiny size, is cer-
tainly one of the most pro-
gressive countries on this
earth, It adopted social se-
curity and the 8-hour day
years ahead of the U.S.A.

“And it’s opportunity with possibilities

for many qualified North Americans. For
come war’s end, Pan American’s Clippers
will fly you here in less than a day.

y) “Uruguay’s income has been derived 3 “For a great new hydroelectric pro- 4
chiefly from her great sheep and cattle f ject wii _— ages and water

herds. But today, Uruguay stands on the ‘°F €xtensive deve opment. Golden oppor-
threshold of her industrial golden age. tunity for trained technicians and farmers!

5 “As for fun—here on Montevideo’s magnificent beaches is
the Miami, the Riviera, of southern South America...

so cosmopolitan that I wasn’t even mildly surprised to

find people around me sipping that most cosmopolitan of
whiskies ...- Canadian Club.”

Once the war is over, you will find it even easier than

now to visit Latin America. There you will find Canadian Club
again. This whisky is /ight as Scotch, rich as rye, satisfying

as bourbon—yet there is no other whisky in all the world that
tastes like Canadian Club. You can stay with Canadian Club

all evening long—in cocktails before dinner and tall ones after.
That’s why Canadian Club is the largest-selling imported
whisky in the United States.

IN 87 LANDS NO OTHER WHISKY TASTES LIKE

Imported from Walkerville, Canada, by Hiram Walker & Sons Inc., Peoria, Ill. Blended Canadian Whisky. 90.4 proof

aa a
| ,
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|

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f gives you REAL MILDNESS, COOLER SMOKING and | |
i a far BETTER TASTE . . . the three things that

' make smoking pleasure complete. They Satisfy |

RIGHT COMBINATION wortb's BEST TOBACCOS.

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Full text of "Newsweek (US Edition) 1945-04-02: Vol 25 Iss 14"

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